本期原文选自The Economist 2017-01-07的文章Now we’re talking，释义来自牛津高阶七版等资源。中文译文可以参照商论。如果您也在学习The Economist，欢迎订阅我的文集The Economist，一起学习交流。
Now we’re talking
ANY sufficiently advanced technology, noted Arthur C. Clarke, a British science-fiction writer, is indistinguishable from【1】 magic. The fast-emerging【2】 technology of voice computing proves his point. Using it is just like casting a spell【3】: say a few words into the air, and a nearby device can grant your wish.
【1】indistinguishable from 无法分辨，无异于
【2】fast-emerging 快速兴起的
【3】cast/put a spell (on sb) （对某人）施魔法
The Amazon Echo, a voice-driven cylindrical computer that sits on a table top and answers to the name Alexa, can call up【4】 music tracks and radio stations, tell jokes, answer trivia questions and control smart appliances【5】; even before Christmas it was already resident in about 4% of American households. Voice assistants【6】 are proliferating in smartphones, too: Apple’s Siri handles over 2bn commands a week, and 20% of Google searches on Android-powered handsets【7】 in America are input by voice. Dictating【8】 e-mails and text messages now works reliably enough to be useful. Why type when you can talk?
【4】call up调出备用
【5】smart appliances智能电器
【6】Voice assistant语音助理
【7】Android-powered handset安卓手机
【8】dictate (sth) (to sb)口述
This is a huge shift【9】. Simple though it may seem, voice has the power to transform computing, by providing a natural means of interaction. Windows, icons and menus, and then touchscreens, were welcomed as more intuitive【10】 ways to deal with computers than entering complex keyboard commands. But being able to talk to computers abolishes the need for the abstraction of a “user interface” at all. Just as mobile phones were more than【11】 existing phones without wires, and cars were more than carriages without horses, so computers without screens and keyboards have the potential to be more useful, powerful and ubiquitous【12】 than people can imagine today.
【9】huge shift 巨大的转变
【10】intuitive 直觉的，直观的
【11】be more than远不只是
【12】ubiquitous 无处不在
Voice will not wholly replace other forms of input and output. Sometimes it will remain more convenient to converse with a machine by typing rather than talking (Amazon is said to be working on an Echo device with a built-in screen). But voice is destined to【13】 account for a growing share of people’s interactions with the technology around them, from washing machines that tell you how much of the cycle they have left to virtual assistants in corporate call-centres. However, to reach its full potential【14】, the technology requires further breakthroughs—and a resolution of the tricky questions it raises around the trade-off between convenience and privacy.
【13】destined to do sth, destined for sth （命中）注定；destined for开往
【14】reach sb's full potential充分发挥潜能
Alexa, what is deep learning?
Computer-dictation systems have been around for years. But they were unreliable and required lengthy training to learn a specific user’s voice. Computers’ new ability to recognise almost anyone’s speech dependably【15】 without training is the latest manifestation of the power of “deep learning”, an artificial-intelligence technique in which a software system is trained using millions of examples, usually culled from【16】 the internet. Thanks to deep learning, machines now nearly equal humans in transcription accuracy, computerised translation systems are improving rapidly and text-to-speech systems are becoming less robotic and more natural-sounding. Computers are, in short, getting much better at handling natural language in all its forms (seeTechnology Quarterly).
【15】dependably 可靠地，可信赖地
【16】cull sth from sth 精选，挑选
Although deep learning means that machines can recognise speech more reliably and talk in a less stilted【17】 manner, they still don’t understand the meaning of language. That is the most difficult aspect of the problem and, if voice-driven computing is truly to flourish, one that must be overcome. Computers must be able to understand context in order to maintain a coherent conversation about something, rather than just responding to simple, one-off【18】 voice commands, as they mostly do today (“Hey, Siri, set a timer for ten minutes”). Researchers in universities and at companies large and small are working on this very problem, building “bots” that can hold more elaborate conversations about more complex tasks, from retrieving information to advising on mortgages to making travel arrangements. (Amazon is offering a $1m prize for a bot that can converse “coherently and engagingly【19】” for 20 minutes.)
【17】stilted 不自然的，生硬的，stilt高跷
【18】one-off 一次性的
【19】engagingly 生动有趣地
When spells replace spelling
Consumers and regulators also have a role to play in determining how voice computing develops. Even in its current, relatively primitive form, the technology poses a dilemma【20】: voice-driven systems are most useful when they are personalised, and are granted wide access to sources of data such as calendars, e-mails and other sensitive information. That raises privacy and security concerns.
【20】pose a dilemma陷入困境
To further complicate matters, many voice-driven devices are always listening, waiting to be activated. Some people are already concerned about the implications【21】 of internet-connected microphones listening in every room and from every smartphone. Not all audio is sent to the cloud—devices wait for a trigger phrase (“Alexa”, “OK, Google”, “Hey, Cortana”, or “Hey, Siri”) before they start relaying the user’s voice to the servers that actually handle the requests—but when it comes to storing audio, it is unclear who keeps what and when.
【21】implication 可能的影响
Police investigating a murder in Arkansas, which may have been overheard【22】 by an Amazon Echo, have asked the company for access to any audio that might have been captured. Amazon has refused to co-operate, arguing (with the backing of privacy advocates) that the legal status of such requests is unclear. The situation is analogous to Apple’s refusal in 2016 to help FBI investigators unlock a terrorist’s iPhone; both cases highlight the need for rules that specify when and what intrusions into personal privacy are justified in the interests of security.
【22】overhear 无意中听到（区别于eavesdrop 偷听窃听）
Consumers will adopt voice computing even if such issues remain unresolved. In many situations voice is far more convenient and natural than any other means of communication. Uniquely, it can also be used while doing something else (driving, working out【23】 or walking down the street). It can extend the power of computing to people unable, for one reason or another, to use screens and keyboards. And it could have a dramatic impact not just on computing, but on the use of language itself. Computerised simultaneous translation could render the need to speak a foreign language irrelevant for many people; and in a world where machines can talk, minor languages【24】 may be more likely to survive. The arrival of the touchscreen was the last big shift in the way humans interact with computers. The leap to speech matters more.
【23】work out 健身，锻炼身体，workout（名词）
【24】minor language小语种
*注：本文仅供学习交流之用，不代表作者观点。
