信号

• 信号是linux操作系统进程间通信的一种方式，一个应用进程可以接受、发送信号给另一个进程，当进程捕获到某个信号时，可以执行某些特定的动作。

• 与信号操作有关的函数位于signal.h头文件中，一个重要的函数声明如下

  
  
  
  

  该函数设置sig表示的信号由func表示的函数来处理，返回一个与func同类型的函数，或以下两个信号之一

  
  
• 一个简单的例子

  #include<stdio.h>
  #include<signal.h>
  #include<stdlib.h>
  #include<unistd.h>
  void ouch(int sig){
      printf("Oh, I got signal %d\n", sig);
      (void) signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL);
  }
  int main(){
      (void) signal(SIGINT, ouch);
      while(1){
          printf("hello world!\n");
          sleep(1);
      }
  }
  

• 可以使用kill函数向指定进程发送信号

  
  
  
  

  看一个简单的例子

  #include<stdio.h>
  #include<stdlib.h>
  #include<signal.h>
  #include<sys/types.h>
  #include<unistd.h>
  static int alarm_handled = 0;
  void ding(int sig){
      alarm_handled = 1;
  }
  int main(){
      printf("process %d starting...\n", getpid());
      (void) signal(SIGALRM, ding);
      switch(fork()){
          case -1:
              perror("create process failed!");
              break;
          case 0:
              sleep(2);
              kill(getppid(), SIGALRM);
              exit(0);
              break;
      }
      printf("waiting for SIGALRM...\n");
      pause();
      if(alarm_handled){
          printf("catched the alarm sig!\n");
      }
      return 0;
  }
  

• 使用更加健壮的signal接口，sigaction

  
  
  
  
  
  

  使用sigaction改写第一个例子

  #include<stdio.h>
  #include<stdlib.h>
  #include<sys/types.h>
  #include<unistd.h>
  #include<signal.h>
  void ouch(int sig){
      printf("Oh, I got sig %d\n", sig);
      (void)signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL);
  }
  int main(){
      struct sigaction act;
      act.sa_handler = ouch;
      act.sa_flags = 0;
      sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);
      sigaction(SIGINT, &act, 0);
      while(1){
          printf("Hello world!\n");
          sleep(1);
      }
      return 0;
  }
  

• 还需要了解一些操作sigset_t的一些函数

  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

管道-pipe
管道是应用进程之间的单向数据通道，进程可以通过管道发送数据给另一个进程，通过popen系统调用，可以打开一个连接某个程序的管道，可以是r，也可以是w

一个读取信息的例子

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main(){
    char info[50];
    FILE* fp = popen("uname -a", "r");
    if(fp == NULL){
        perror("create pipe to uname failed!");
        exit(0);
    }
    int num = fread(info, sizeof(char), 50, fp);
    printf("got information: - \n%s\n", info);
    return 0;
}

一个写数据的例子

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
int main(){
    FILE* fp_write = popen("od -c", "w");
    char info[50];
    sprintf(info, "once upon a time, there was ...");
    if(fp_write != NULL){
        fwrite(info, sizeof(char), strlen(info), fp_write);
        pclose(fp_write);
    }
    return 0;
}

一个读取更多数据的例子

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main(){
    FILE* fp_read = popen("ps -ax", "r");
    if(fp_read == NULL){
        perror("create pipe to ps failed");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    char info[1024];
    int num_char = fread(info, sizeof(char), 1024, fp_read);
    while(num_char>0){
        info[num_char - 1] = '\0';
        printf("got info: - \n%s\n", info);
        num_char = fread(info, sizeof(char), 1024, fp_read);
    }
    pclose(fp_read);
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

一个重要的系统调用是pipe，如同shell中的管道操作符

初始化两个文件描述符组成的数组，一个用于读，一个用于写，一个简单的例子如下

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
int main(){
    int fd[2];
    char buf[200];
    int chpid;
    int len;
    //使用pipe系统调用创建一个管道，fd[0]用于读取，fd[1]用于写入
    if(pipe(fd) == -1){
        perror("创建管道出错：");
        exit(1);
    }
    if((chpid = fork()) == 0){
        close(fd[1]);
        //从fd[0]中读取数据到buf缓冲区
        len = read(fd[0], buf, sizeof(buf));
        buf[len] = 0;
        printf("子进程从管道读取数据：%s\n", buf);
        exit(0);
    }else{
        close(fd[0]);
        //sprintf函数将格式化数据写入缓冲区中
        sprintf(buf, "父进程为子进程（pid=%d）创建的数据！\n", chpid);
        //使用write系统调用将buf中的数据写入fd[1]指向的管道中
        write(fd[1], buf, strlen(buf));
        exit(0);
    }
    return 0;
}

如上，pipe创建的管道操作符仅仅用于相互有联系的一组进程，比如，父子进程。当我们在没有特殊联系的进程中想要相互联系，可以通过命名管道fifo，fifo是linux操作系统中一类特殊的文件,用于进程间通信

mode_t可以取

#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<limits.h>
#define BUF_SIZE 4096
#define TEN_SEG (1024 * 10)

#define FIFO_NAME "/tmp/my_fifo"
int main(){
    int open_mode = O_WRONLY;
    int fifo_fd;
    int res;
    char buf[BUF_SIZE + 1];
    if(access(FIFO_NAME, F_OK) == -1){
        res = mkfifo(FIFO_NAME, 0777);
        if(res == -1){
            fprintf(stderr, "can't create fifo file %s\n", FIFO_NAME);
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    }
    printf("process %d open fifo O_WRONLY!\n", getpid());
    fifo_fd = open(FIFO_NAME, open_mode);
    printf("process %d result %d\n", getpid(), fifo_fd);
    int bytes_sent = 0;
    if(fifo_fd != -1){
        do{
            res = write(fifo_fd, buf, BUF_SIZE);
            if(res == -1){
                perror("error write data to fifo file");
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
            }
            bytes_sent += res;
        }while(bytes_sent < TEN_SEG);
        (void)close(fifo_fd);
    }else{
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    printf("process %d finished\n%d bytes sent!", getpid(), bytes_sent);
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

fifo_consumer.c

#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<limits.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#define BUF_SIZE 4096
#define FIFO_NAME "/tmp/my_fifo"
int main(){
    int res;
    int pipe_fd;
    int mode = O_RDONLY;
    if(access(FIFO_NAME, F_OK) == -1){
        perror("fifo file not exists! exiting...");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    char recv[BUF_SIZE + 1];
    int bytes_recv;
    printf("process %d open fifo file with mode O_RDONLY!\n", getpid());
    pipe_fd = open(FIFO_NAME, mode);
    printf("open fifo file with result %d\n", pipe_fd);
    if(pipe_fd != -1){
        do{
            res = read(pipe_fd, recv, BUF_SIZE);
            bytes_recv += res;
        }while(res > 0);
        printf("%d bytes received!\n", bytes_recv);
        close(pipe_fd);
    }else{
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

result

命名管道可用于多个进程间相互通信，客户机服务器模式程序示例如下
client.h

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<limits.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>

#define SERVER_FIFO_NAME "/tmp/server_fifo"
#define CLIENT_FIFO_NAME "/tmp/cli_%d_fifo"

#define BUF_SIZE 50
struct data_to_pass_st{
    pid_t pid;
    char some_data[BUF_SIZE - 1];
};

server.c

#include"client.h"
#include<ctype.h>
int main(){
    int serv_fifo_fd, cli_fifo_fd;
    struct data_to_pass_st data;
    char buf[BUF_SIZE];
    char cli_fifo_name[50];
    int mode_serv;
    int mode_cli;
    serv_fifo_fd = mkfifo(SERVER_FIFO_NAME, 0777);
    if(serv_fifo_fd == -1){
        perror("create server fifo failed!");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    puts("create server fifo");

    mode_serv = O_RDONLY;
    serv_fifo_fd = open(SERVER_FIFO_NAME, mode_serv);
    if(serv_fifo_fd == -1){
        perror("open server fifo failed!");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    puts("open server fifo");

    sleep(1);

    printf("read to receive data!\n");
    int read_bytes;
    char* tmp_ptr;
    do{
        read_bytes = read(serv_fifo_fd, &data, sizeof(data));
        if(read_bytes > 0){
            tmp_ptr = data.some_data;
            while(*tmp_ptr){
                *tmp_ptr = toupper(*tmp_ptr);
                tmp_ptr++;
            }
            sprintf(cli_fifo_name, CLIENT_FIFO_NAME, data.pid);
            cli_fifo_fd = open(cli_fifo_name, O_WRONLY);
            if(cli_fifo_fd != -1){
                write(cli_fifo_fd, &data, sizeof(data));
                close(cli_fifo_fd);
            }
        }
    }while(read_bytes > 0);
    close(serv_fifo_fd);
    unlink(SERVER_FIFO_NAME);
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

client.c

#include"client.h"
#include<ctype.h>
int main(){
    struct data_to_pass_st data;
    char buf[BUF_SIZE];
    char cli_fifo_name[50];
    int serv_fifo_fd, cli_fifo_fd;


    serv_fifo_fd = open(SERVER_FIFO_NAME, O_WRONLY);
    puts("client : open server fifo");
    if(serv_fifo_fd == -1){
        perror("open server fifo failed");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    data.pid = getpid();
    sprintf(cli_fifo_name, CLIENT_FIFO_NAME, data.pid);
    mkfifo(cli_fifo_name, 0777);
    puts("client : create client fifo");

    int read_bytes;

    sprintf(data.some_data, "data from %d", data.pid);
    printf("%d sent: %s, ", data.pid, data.some_data);
    write(serv_fifo_fd, &data, sizeof(data));

    cli_fifo_fd = open(cli_fifo_name, O_RDONLY);
    if(cli_fifo_fd == -1){
        perror("open client fifo failed");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    if(cli_fifo_fd != -1){
        read_bytes = read(cli_fifo_fd, &data, sizeof(data));
        printf("received:%s\n", data.some_data);
    }else{
        perror("open client fifo to read failed");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    close(cli_fifo_fd);
    close(serv_fifo_fd);
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

result

信号量，有时使用信号量完成进程或线程同步
了解四个信号量操作函数
sem_init\sem_post\sem_wait\sem_destroy
example

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<semaphore.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<pthread.h>
char work_area[1024];
sem_t semaphore;
void* thread_func(void* arg){
    sem_wait(&semaphore);
    while(strncmp(work_area, "end", 3) != 0){
        printf("len:%d\n", strlen(work_area) - 1);
        sem_wait(&semaphore);
    }
    pthread_exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
int main(){
    int res;
    pthread_t thread;
    void* thread_res;
    res = sem_init(&semaphore, 0, 0);
    if(res != 0){
        perror("初始化信号量失败！");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    if((res = pthread_create(&thread, NULL, thread_func, NULL)) != 0){
        perror("线程创建失败");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    printf("please input a string:\n");
    while(strncmp(work_area, "end", 3) != 0){
        fgets(work_area, 1024, stdin);
        sem_post(&semaphore);
    }
    printf("wait for the thread exit!\n");
    if((res = pthread_join(thread, &thread_res)) != 0){
        perror("等待线程结束出错！");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    printf("线程已退出！\n");
    sem_destroy(&semaphore);
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

共享内存
顾名思义，就是一块两者都可以访问的内存，进程通过原子性的写入操作保证数据完整性。
要点：理解创建与操作共享内存的系统调用，使用manual

看一个服务进程与客户进程的例子
server.c

    #include"common.h"
int main(){
    int running = 1;
    void *share_mem;
    struct share_mem_st *data;
    int shmid;
    char buf[50];

    shmid = shmget((key_t)1234, sizeof(struct share_mem_st), 0666 | IPC_CREAT);
    if(shmid == -1){
        perror("create share_memory failed");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    share_mem = shmat(shmid, (void*)0, 0);
    if(share_mem == (void*)-1){
        perror("attach the mem failed");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    printf("share memory attached at %X\n", share_mem);
    
    data = (struct share_mem_st*)share_mem;
    data->controller = 0;
    while(running){
        while(data->controller == 1){
            printf("wait for client...\n");
            sleep(1);
        }
        puts("type the message:");
        //fgets(buf, 50, stdin);
        memset(buf, '\0', 50);
        scanf("%s", buf);
        memset(data->message, '\0', TEXT_SIZE);
        strncpy(data->message, buf, strlen(buf));
        data->controller = 1;
        if(strncmp(buf, "end", 3) == 0){
            running = 0;
        }
        
    }

    printf("exiting...\n");
    if(shmdt(share_mem) == -1){
        perror("error between unttach the share_meme");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

client.c

#include"common.h"
int main(){
    int shmid;
    struct share_mem_st* data;
    void* share_mem;
    int running = 1;
    char buf[50];

    if((shmid = shmget((key_t)1234, sizeof(struct share_mem_st), 0666 | IPC_CREAT)) == -1){
        perror("create share mem failed");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    if((share_mem = shmat(shmid, (void*)0, 0)) == (void*)-1){
        perror("attach the share mem failed");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    printf("share mem attach at %X\n", share_mem);
    data = (struct share_mem_st*)share_mem;
    data->controller = 1;
    while(running){
        if(data->controller == 1){
            strncpy(buf, data->message, strlen(data->message));
            printf("message:%s\n", buf);
            sleep(2);
            data->controller = 0;
            if(strncmp(buf, "end", 3) == 0){
                running = 0;
            }
        }else{
            printf("waiting for server...\n");
            sleep(1);
        }
    }
    if(shmdt(share_mem) == -1){
        perror("unattach the share mem failed");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    if(shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, 0) == -1){
        perror("error with release the share mem");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);

}

消息队列
队列是一种先进先出的数据结构，用于进程间通信时较为灵活，可以设计为分布式，十分适合与网络应用进程通信，爬虫程序就是一个很好的例子
首先需要理解创建和使用消息队列的一些系统调用-manual

一个使用消息队列相互通信的例子
common.h

#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<errno.h>

#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/ipc.h>
#include<sys/msg.h>

#define BUF_SIZE 1024
struct msg_st{
    long int msg_type;
    char data[BUF_SIZE];
};

server.c

#include"common.h"
int main(){
    int running = 1;
    struct msg_st msg_data;
    int msg_id;
    long int msg_type_receive = 1;

    if((msg_id = msgget((key_t)1234, 0666| IPC_CREAT)) == -1){
        perror("server:can't create message queue");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    printf("get message queue with id:%d\n", msg_id);

    while(running){
        if(msgrcv(msg_id, (void*)&msg_data, BUF_SIZE, msg_type_receive, 0) == -1){
            perror("recv data from queue failed");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        printf("you wrote:%s\n", msg_data.data);
        if(strncmp(msg_data.data, "end", 3) == 0){
            printf("exiting...\n");
            running = 0;

        }
    }
    msgctl(msg_id, IPC_RMID, 0);
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

client.c

#include"common.h"
int main(){
    int running = 1;
    struct msg_st msg_data;
    long int msg_type_receive = 0;
    char buf[BUF_SIZE];
    int msg_id;

    if((msg_id = msgget((key_t)1234, 0666 | IPC_CREAT)) == -1){
        perror("client:get message queue failed");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    printf("get message queue with id:%d\n", msg_id);
    int length = 0;
    while(running){
        memset(msg_data.data, '\0', BUF_SIZE);
        printf("input some text:");
        fgets(buf, BUFSIZ, stdin);
        length = strlen(buf);
        msg_data.msg_type = 1;
        strncpy(msg_data.data, buf, length -1);
        msg_data.data[length] = '\0';
        if(msgsnd(msg_id, (void*)&msg_data, BUF_SIZE, 0) == -1){
            perror("error with send data");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        printf("you send:%s\n", msg_data.data);
        if(strncmp(buf, "end", 3) == 0){
            printf("exiting...\n");
            running = 0;
        }
    }

    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);

}

client

server

总结
信号、管道、命名管道、共享内存、消息队列以及信号量是进程间通信的重要手段，我们需要了解他们分别适用于何种情形，优缺点，如何使用，如何处理错误，碰到不记得的函数用法，可以通过manual查看该函数声明，数据结构等等信息。