前言： 前段时间打算从诗经开始，重读经典文学，偶遇许渊冲翻译的版本，正好，顺便学点英文。
2019.11.1
一 原文摘录
关雎
关关雎鸠，在河之洲。
窈窕淑女，君子好逑。
参差荇菜，左右流之。
窈窕淑女，寤寐求之。
求之不得，寤寐思服。
悠哉悠哉，辗转反侧。
参差荇菜，左右采之。
窈窕淑女，琴瑟友之。
参差荇菜，左右芼之。
窈窕淑女，钟鼓乐之。
Cooing and Wooing
By riverside a pair
Of turtledoves are cooing;
There is a maiden fair
Whom a young man is wooing.
Water flows left and right
Of cresses here and there;
The youth yearns day and night
For the maiden so fair.
His yearning grows so strong,
He cannot fall asleep,
But tosses all night long,
So deep in love, so deep!
Now gather left and right
Cress long or short and tender!
O lute, play music light
For the fiancée so slender!
Feast friends at left and right
On cresses cooked tender!
O bells and drums, delight
The bride so sweet and slender!
The young man made acquaintance with the maiden in spring when turtledoves were cooing（Stanza1）,
wooed her in summer when cress floated on water（Stanza2）
and yearned for her until they were engaged in autumn when cress was gathered （Stanza4）
and married in winter when cresses were cooked（Stanza5）
二 赏析与学习
1
这一版本的英译体现了许教授的三美翻译理论： 音美，形美，意美。 诗尾押韵，保留了原文的律动。
2
由于中英文化差异，加之诗歌更是字词的高度提炼，完全翻译到位是不可能的。品读该篇中英版，不难发现，翻译成英文后再将英文的意思理解，词语的凝炼，美感，色彩和意境都会褪色不少。所以鉴赏的时候，以汉语为主。而英文版本，我们可以将它作为一个独立的个体，学习大师对诗经的独到见解和他对英文的遣词造句。
3
这篇英文，许教授并没有逐字翻译，有些地方通过提炼，整合后，转化为了自己所理解的意思。之前略查看过对许老诗歌的评价，有人不认同这种翻译方式，有些地方过于追求形而变了意。但他认为译诗如不传达原诗的音美，就不能保存原诗的意美。用韵固然可能因声损义，不用则一定因声损义。你觉得呢？
文无第一，百家争鸣。
关于诗经的英文翻译，版本众多，有外国学者比如理雅各，艾伦，詹姆斯，克拉黙宾，庞德，韦理等从他们国家语言理解角度翻译的，也有国内杨宪益戴乃迭伉俪和新秀们本土翻译的，内容庞复，以后遇到再做学习笔记，今天先学习英文里几个生词。
woo
古用法 （of a man）to try to persuade a woman to love him and marry him 追求异性，求爱。
所以，Cooing and Wooing 题目翻 的真好，既表意又拟声
turtledove 斑鸠。
由turtle乌龟和dove鸽子两个词组合成，百度一下，长下面这个样子
斑鸠属鸽形类，比家鸽体型小，通常dove（鸠）， pigeon（鸽子）这样区别。
诗中的关雎是一种生活在水边、擅长声乐、举止优雅、忠于爱情的鸟类。
许老认为诗中的关雎是斑鸠，查阅资料，有人认为斑鸠多活动在山地，林苑，耕地，与文不合，而百科里的认为关雎就是王雎，长的和大雕似的，凶猛的样子让人完全不想和优雅诗乐联想到一起。可乍一想，神雕侠侣里的两大雕不也是浪漫爱情的象征吗。想象一下远古那种浩瀚粗犷又宁静的美。
韦利版本的翻译为fish hawks. 前段时间读神秘岛，这样看来，外国人喜欢把水鸟一类的加上fish这个词，也是很形象了，比如翠鸟叫kingfisher, 很喜欢这个词。
扯远了，不过既然是古时候的鸟，那想象空间就大了，在你的脑海里，关雎是什么样子的呢？
coo [kuː] 咕咕叫
maiden ［meɪdn ] 少女，未婚的
fair=beautiful 文学用法或旧式用法
一般是写作 a fair maiden. 许老为了押韵，将fair置后，具体合适否有待讨论。
cress [kres]水芹,水韭
文中将荇菜翻译为cress
百度荇菜是这样的，叶似睡莲，小巧别致，鲜黄色花朵浮于水面，根茎可食。
yearning /ˈjɜːnɪŋ/
toss: [tɔs]翻来覆去，辗转不能入睡
toss all night long.
lute 鲁特琴，欧洲古乐器, 类似于琵琶
tender 柔软的。这个词现在常用来形容食物质地鲜嫩。许老为了整齐韵脚，加入了一个意境词tender, 对应结尾slender. 而且只用tender一个词就表达了两个意思，柔软和鲜嫩，既押韵又确实再现了原文的意境。从独立文本的角度看，用词非常巧妙，由柔软这个词可以感受到荇菜在水中轻轻地左右摇摆，像美丽苗条的女孩身影一样窈窕婆娑。泛读一遍时没有感受到，细品才发觉大师的遣词造诣的深厚功底。
fiancée /fiˈɒnseɪ/（法）未婚妻
bride [braɪd] 新娘
由一开始的maiden少女到fiancee未婚妻再到bride新娘。三个词的变化点明了诗中暗含的内容。
bell and drum 钟鼓
be engaged in autumn 在秋天订婚
三 延伸拓展
写关雎两个字的时候，突然想到欢乐颂里的关雎尔，一个淑女。果然取名讲究“女诗经，男楚辞”。起名是一门学问，是得好好学习传统经典文化了。
小练习：从关雎中选词为一个女孩取名
2019.11.2
今天查看了其它译作资料，进行对比学习
一 文章摘录
Legge：理雅各
Guan Ju
Guan-guan go the ospreys,
On the islet in the river.
The modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady:
For our prince a good mate she.
Here long, there short, is the duckweed,
To the left, to the right, borne about by the current.
The modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady:
Waking and sleeping, he sought her.
He sought her and found her not,
And waking and sleeping he thought about her.
Long he thought; oh! long and anxiously;
On his side, on his back, he turned, and back again.
Here long, there short, is the duckweed;
On the left, on the right, we gather it.
The modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady:
With lutes, small and large, let us give her friendly welcome.
Here long, there short, is the duckweed;
On the left, on the right, we cook and present it.
The modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady:
With bells and drums let us show our delight in her.
2 Waley韦理：
Guan! Guan! Cry the fish hawks
Guan! Guan! Cry the fish hawks
on sandbars in the river:
a mild-mannered good girl,
fine match for the gentleman.
Aragged fringe is the floating-heart,
left and right we trail it:
that mild-mannered good girl,
awake, asleep, I search for her.
I search but cannot find her,
awake, asleep, thinking of her,
endlessly, endlessly,
turning, tossing from side to side
Aragged fringe is the floating-heart,
left and right we pick it:
the mild-mannered good girl,
harp and lute make friends with her.
Aragged fringe is the floating-heart,
left and right we sort it:
the mild-mannered good girl,
bell and drum delight her.
3 Yang杨宪益
Crying Ospreys
Merrily the ospreys cry,
On the islet in the stream.
Gentle and graceful is the girl,
A fit wife for the gentleman
Short and long the floating water plants,
Left and right you may pluck them.
Gentle and graceful is the girl,
Awake he longs for her and in his dreams.
When the courtship has failed,
Awake he thinks of her and in his dreams.
Filled with sorrowful thoughts,
He tosses about unable to sleep.
Short and long the floating water plants,
Left and right you may gather them.
Gentle and graceful is the girl,
He'd like to wed her, the qin and se* playing.
Short and long the floating water plants,
Left and right you may collect them.
Gentle and graceful is the girl,
He'd like to marry her, bells and drums beating.
*Two traditional Chinese musical instruments, rather like the zither; the former has
seven strings and the latter twenty-five strings.
大家自己品读一下，对比不同风格，博采众长。
二 比较与学习
1
理雅各是根据字面意思翻译的，开头直接使用拟词guan guan 也很生动，整体概述了诗的大意，而对诗里包含的内在礼学故事挖掘不够。
君子译为了prince，prince除了王子，还有欧洲贵族的意思。一说诗中的男子有琴瑟，也是当时的贵族，这点倒是可取。
The modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady:
这句修饰词过多，而且retiring除了有害羞的意思，本身还指孤僻，不愿与人交流。
2
韦理开头的句
Guan! Guan! Cry the fish hawks
给人视觉和听觉带来动感冲击，感觉比理雅各的要更有节奏感。cry这个词除了鸟鸣外，还有厉声尖叫和哭的意思。因为每个词都有它独特的色彩，不同的色彩给人不同的感受，而且感觉cry要比coo的音调高，而诗中是温柔的淑女，轻波婉转的水面，一片朴素宁静，我认为还是coo这个词更贴切。
喜欢这一句，那一排排参差的荇菜是漂浮不定的心啊，A ragged fringe is the floating-heart
3
杨先生在cry前加了一个修饰merrily.
采摘使用了pluck这个词，pluck在牛津字典里的介绍是旧式或文学用法，to pick a fruit, flower, etc. from where it is growing. 我认为比pick要更适合用在诗经里。
When the courtship has failed,
Awake he thinks of her and in his dreams.
Filled with sorrowful thoughts
求偶失败，感到难过，加入了一些自己的想法，个人认为过于啰嗦，辗转反侧自会给读者留下想像空间。诗经之所以美就是语言高度精炼又散发朦胧意境，翻译不宜过于直白也不宜刻意渲染。
courtship 旧式用法 求爱期，追求期
the time when two people have a romantic relationship before they get married the process of developing their relationship
琴瑟采用了拼音直译，在下面加入了注释, 对比了zither齐特琴
zither. 〔a musical instrument with a lot of metal strings stretched over a flat wooden box, that you play with your fingers or a plectrum/pick〕
各版本同一词的不同译法
1 关关
Guan! Guan!/merrily crying/ cooing
2 雎鸠
turtledove 斑鸠/ osprey，鹗，鱼鹰类里的一种/ fishhawk 鱼鹰
搜索到这么一本书
3 河之洲
riverside/ islet in the river/ sandbar in the river/islet in the stream
riverside是河边，islet是非常小的岛，神秘岛里这个词出现过很多次，sandbar是河口沙洲，文中指河中沙洲，我认为islet和sandbar更贴切。
4 窈窕淑女
a fair maiden/ The modest, retiring, virtuous, young lady/ a mild-mannered good girl/ gentle and graceful is the girl.
5 君子
young man/prince/ gentleman/
6 荇菜
cress水芹/ duckweed浮萍 / a ragged fringe/ floating water plants
fringe这个词在翻译小练习里学过，在美国有刘海的意思。此外还表示流苏，一排树木等。
7琴瑟
lute/ harp and lute/ qin and se/ Chinese-style zither.
经过对比后，个人更喜欢许渊冲先生的版本，意，音，形，浓淡相宜。基于原文，又大胆创新。诗歌翻译大师，英法翻译第一人，果然名不虚传。
