英国工业革命始于18世纪60年代,这次工业革命的形成大致经历了一百年的时间,影响且推动了西欧北美地区的技术革新,范围还扩展到东欧和亚洲。所以说工业革命标志着世界整体化新高潮的来临。在此期间,人们动脑筋先进农业技术。例如荷兰人修建堤坝来控制水势。Jethro Tull 发明了播种机。这一发明大大节省了经济并增加了种子的产量。有段时间,有钱的地主大量收购公民的土地,迫使许多农民移居到城里,这一举动大大增加了工业的劳动量。新科技的发展是引起革命的重要因素,人们相继创造出19世纪最重要的四大发明:改良蒸汽机,电报,蒸汽火车和汽艇。蒸汽机的发明家是 Thomas Newcomen, 后来由James Watt改良。人们首次利用煤矿启动蒸汽机,使这一发明成为工业革命重要的资源。1709年,Abraham Darby 推出coke-smelting的方法,用硫磺碎铁器,提高铁器的质量。
为什么工业革命最早起源于英国?
Why Britain
A. Resources- Britain had coal to power steam engines, iron to built machines, and a large labor force.
The Crystal Palace, built in 1856, was a remarkable building with 293655 panes of glass, 330 huge iron columns, and 24 miles of gutters.
B. New technology - skilled mechanics and technology paved the way for industrialization.
C. Economic conditions - economic prosperity made consumer goods affordable to members of every social class.
D. Political and social conditions- Britain had a stable government of hat supported economic growth.
工业革命首次扎根在英国最大的工业- 纺织业。当时,进口印度的棉衣非常流行,很多英国商人在自家办起了纺织业。著名的发明有John Kay 的飞棱和Richard Arkwright 著名的珍妮纺织机。
因为机器不能在家中操作,所以制造商建立了第一所工厂!随着产品越来越多,人们造出公路,运河,更长的桥和升级的海湾方便扩展海内外的商业。1807年,铁路线已经贯穿英国,欧洲以及北美洲。这一年,美国人Robert Fulton利用瓦特蒸汽机先进海上运输。
早期工业革命的艰辛生活
工业革命快速发展都市化,人们移居到城市。农业发展,人口猛涨和聘用工人数量增加引领了这次大移居。
下面是三点工业革命丑陋的方面:
A .Rigid discipline
Workers faced a rigid schedule- shifts lasted up to 16 hours and they were exposed to content danger.
B. Women workers
Many employees hired women- they were easier to manage could be paid less than men.
C.child labor
Factories and mines hired boys and girls as young as 5 years old, or used orphans as a source of labor.
Some were killed or crippled and others were stunted in growth or had twisted limbs.
In the 1830s and 1840s , parliament began to pass laws to regulate child labor in mines and factories.
他们的困难包含:低收入,在威胁的环境下工作,被解雇和凄凉的生活环境。Luddites(勒德分子) 砸毁机器,烧毁工厂来抵抗他们的工作(1811-1816) 。抗议者面对强烈的镇压,工人被禁止组织,罢工被看作违法。John Wesley 创建了Methodist Church , 他努力安慰穷困的人,让他们重燃希望,改良社会。
工业革命期间最受益的是那些企业家。他们住在上等的房屋里,穿得好吃得好,并在国会里获得权利。这次革命使工人的工作环境得以改善,增加了新的法律。工人联盟获得权利与雇主进行交易。
完结,感谢阅读!