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First, everything is determined by causes, or everything has a reason. Thus, everything is part of a universal causal order.

Second, this universal order has an original unity in God, its creator. Thus every monad has a determining causal relation to God and to every other monad.

Both levels of order coalesce in the principle of sufficient reason, that

“nothing takes place without sufficient reason, that is, that

nothing happens without it being possible for someone who knows enough things to give a reason sufficient to determine why it is so and not otherwise”.

——问题是：什么叫reason, 怎么就sufficient了？