perpetual adj. [per-pech-oo-uh l]
1.continuing or enduring forever; everlasting.
2.lasting an indefinitely long time: perpetual snow.
3.continuing or continued without intermission or interruption; ceaseless:
a perpetual stream of visitors all day.
4.blooming almost continuously throughout the season or the year.
eg:Through this perpetual recycling of history, nothing new can be created.
**synonyms **
- permanent, enduring.
- continuous, incessant, constant, unending,uninterrupted.
Antonyms - temporary. 2. discontinuous.
assert vt.[uh-surt]
1.to state with assurance, confidence, or force; state strongly or positively; affirm; aver:
He asserted his innocence of the crime.
2.to maintain or defend (claims, rights, etc.).
3.to state as having existence; affirm; postulate:
to assert a first cause as necessary.
eg *Does her character continue to find her independence and assert herself in their marriage this season? *
**Synonyms **
1.asseverate, avow, maintain. See declare.
2.uphold, support. See maintain.
**Antonyms **
1.deny.
astronomer n. [uh-stron-uh-mer]
1.an expert in astronomy; a scientific observer of the celestial bodies.
eg But our astronomer was not without the reward of his work, even in his lifetime
philosophers n. [fi-los-uh-fer] 哲学家 豁达的人
1.a person who offers views or theories on profound questions in ethics, metaphysics, logic, and other related fields.
2.a person who is deeply versed in philosophy.
3.a person who establishes the central ideas of some movement, cult, etc.
4.a person who regulates his or her life, actions, judgments, utterances, etc., by the light of philosophy or reason.
5.a person who is rationally or sensibly calm, especially under trying circumstances.
6.Obsolete. an alchemist or occult scientist.
eg We must focus our observations on Plotinos as a philosopher.
empirical adj. [em-pir-i-kuh l] 经验主义的 以观察或实验为依据的
1.derived from or guided by experience or experiment.
2.depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory, especially as in medicine.
3.provable or verifiable by experience or experiment.
eg *Indeed, empirical evidence makes hash of the myth that culture makes the athlete. *
**Synonyms **
practical, firsthand, pragmatic.
Antonyms
secondhand, theoretical.
reinforce vt. & n. [ree-in-fawrs, -fohrs]
reinforced, reinforcing.
verb
1.to strengthen with some added piece, support, or material:
to reinforce a wall.
2.to strengthen (a military force) with additional personnel, ships, or aircraft:
to reinforce a garrison.
3.to strengthen; make more forcible or effective:
to reinforce efforts.
4.to augment; increase:
to reinforce a supply.
5.Psychology.
to strengthen the probability of (a response to a given stimulus) by giving or withholding a reward.
noun
6.something that reinforces.
7.a metal band on the rear part of the bore of a gun, where the explosion occurs.
eg *It is impossible to reinforce you for your present emergency. *
hypothesis n.[hahy-poth-uh-sis, hi-]
1.a proposition, or set of propositions, set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena, either asserted merely as a provisional conjecture to guide investigation (working hypothesis) or accepted as highly probable in the light of established facts.
2.a proposition assumed as a premise in an argument.
3.the antecedent of a conditional proposition.
4.a mere assumption or guess.
eg *But for this, the hypothesis would be but a curious scientific theory. *
orbit n. & v. [awr-bit]
noun
1.the curved path, usually elliptical, described by a planet, satellite, spaceship, etc., around a celestial body, as the sun.
2.the usual course of one's life or range of one's activities.
3.the sphere of power or influence, as of a nation or person:
a small nation in the Russian orbit.
4.Physics. (in Bohr theory) the path traced by an electron revolving around the nucleus of an atom.
5.an orb or sphere.
6.Anatomy.
a. the bony cavity of the skull that contains the eye; eye socket.
b. the eye.
7.Zoology. the part surrounding the eye of a bird or insect.
eg *There's no way to get to the stars, and no way to move a planet out of its orbit. *
verb
used with object
8.to move or travel around in an orbital or elliptical path:
The earth orbits the sun once every 365.25 days.
9.to send into orbit, as a satellite.
used without object
10.to go or travel in an orbit.
speculative adj.
1.based on guessing ,not on information or facts
a purely speculative theory about life on other planets
2.bought or done in the hope of making a profit later
speculative investments
3.if you give someone a speculative look ,you look at them while trying to guess something about them
deflection n.
the action of making something changes its direction
the deflection of the missile away from its target.
artillery n.
large guns ,either on wheels or fixed in one place
tissue n.
1.a piece of soft thin paper ,used especially for blowing your nose on
a box of tissues
2.the material forming animal or plant cells
compalling
mechanism
simultaneously
electron
apparatus
eclipse
immortal
navigational
