一、人称代词
1. 人称代词不同的格在句中有不同的句法功能: 人称代词的主格作主语或表语; 宾格可作宾语也可作表语或同位语。
He would drown his sadness in coffee.(主格作主语)
他会借咖啡来浇愁。
Thank you for your letter.(宾格作及物动词的宾语)
谢谢你的来信。
I bought a present for him.(宾格作介词宾语)
我给他买了件礼物。
Hi, it's me.(宾格作表语)
你好, 是我。
2. 在没有谓语动词的句子中, 人称代词常用宾格。
—Glad to meet you.——见到你很高兴。
—Me, too.——我也是(见到你很高兴)。
题组训练用人称代词填空
①(2015江苏, 23)—Jim, can you work this Sunday?
—Why me ?I've been working for two weeks on end.
②On my desk is a photo that my father took of me when I was a baby.
二、物主代词
1. 形容词性物主代词
形容词性物主代词相当于形容词。置于名词之前, 作定语。
Is this your seat, sir?
这是你的座位吗, 先生?
The government has changed its policy.
政府已经改变了政策。
2. 名词性物主代词
名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词 + 名词”, 在句中作主语、表语、宾语。
This is not my dictionary. Mine is lent to Lucy.(作主语)
这不是我的字典, 我的借给露西了。
This camera is mine and that is yours.(作表语)
这部照相机是我的, 那部是你的。
Every person showed his ticket, and I showed mine too.(作宾语)
每个人都出示了票, 我也出示了我的。
题组训练用物主代词填空
③—Tom, my (I)bike is broken. Would you please lend yours (you)to me?
—Sorry. Mine (I)has been taken by Jack. You can ask him if you like.
④This is our room, and yours (you)is just across the hall.
三、反身代词
反身代词的基本用法
反身代词
作宾语
动宾:
Tom taught himself Chinese.
汤姆自学了汉语。
介宾:
You can't leave the baby by himself.
你不能把孩子独自留在那里。
作表语:
She is not quite herself today.
她今天不在状态。
作同位语:
I myself can repair the bike.
我自己能修那辆自行车。
题组训练用反身代词填空
⑤I don't believe you. Did you see it yourself ?
⑥It is not his fault. I cut myself with a knife.
⑦We should be independent of our parents. We should depend on ourselves .
四、疑问代词
what的习惯用法
(1)注意what与下列黑体名词的搭配。
What is
the population of China? 中国人口是多少?
the distance? 距离有多远?
the price? 价格是多少?
your address? 你住在哪里?
your attitude? 你的态度怎样?
the height/weight/depth/length/width/size?
高度/重量/深度/长度/宽度/大小是多少?
(2)What...for?和What for?用于询问原因和目的。
—What did you put it into the soup for?
——你为什么把那东西放到汤里去?
—It would improve the taste.——那会使汤的味道更好。
—I'm going to the grocery store.
——我打算去食品杂货店。
—What for?We still have enough food in the fridge.
——为什么?我们的冰箱里还有足够的食物。
(3)What if...?表示假设、建议、征求意见或疑虑。
What if it rains while we are on the way?
要是我们在途中时天下雨怎么办?
(4)What do you mean(by...)?表示愤怒、不满等情绪。
What do you mean by shutting the door so loudly?
你关门这么大声音是什么意思?
(5)What/How about...?用于征求对方意见、询问对方的情况。
—We need one more player.
——我们还需一个队员。
—What about Elaine?She is a very nice girl.
——伊莱恩怎么样?她是个不错的姑娘。
(6)疑问词what构成的习惯用语。
So what?
那又怎么样呢?(表示不感兴趣或认为不重要)
Guess what?
你猜怎么着?(用以引起他人的注意)
What next?(店员用语)还要什么?
Like what? 比如说?举个例子吧!
What then?=Then what?下一步怎么办? 那会怎么样呢?
五、不定代词
(一)both, all, either, any, neither, none的区别
I've bought two books; you can have either.
我买了两本书, 你要哪本都行。
None of this money is mine.
这笔钱没有一点是我的。
题组训练用适当的代词填空
⑧He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found either of them again.
⑨(2015福建, 21)The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but neither contained any useful suggestions.
(二)one, another, the other, some, others, the others的区别
注意:
1. the other后通常加可数名词(单数或复数), 一般不能加不可数名词; 短语the rest of(剩余的)后既可以加可数名词(单数或复数), 也可以加不可数名词; else只能放在不定代词或特殊疑问词后。
—What did you do last weekend?
—Oh, nothing else.
——上周末你做什么了?
——哦, 没做什么。
2. 体会下列句子中黑体词的用法
①I have two books: one is English, and
{
the other(one)
one
}
is French.
我有两本书。一本是英语书, 一本是法语书。
②He will stay here for
{
another three
three other
three more
}
days.
他在这里还要待上3天。
③There are many books on the table: some are English;
{
the others
the rest
}
are French.
桌子上有很多书。一些是英语书, 剩下的是法语书。
④He'll be in a wheelchair for the rest of his life.
他的余生将在轮椅上度过。
⑤Would you please make it
{
some other day
another day
}
?
你能改天吗?
⑥I saw him in London the other day/week/month. 我几天/周/个月前在伦敦见过他。(=a few days/weeks/months ago)
⑦He has no other close friends like John.
他没有别的像约翰那样亲密的朋友了。
⑧If this dictionary is not yours, who else's can it be?
如果这本字典不是你的, 会是谁的呢?
题组训练用another或the other填空
⑩We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun, so let's have another one this month.
[11]He raised one arm and then the other.
(三)none, nobody/no one, nothing的区别
1.
—How much money do you have ?
—None.
——你有多少钱?
—— 一点也没有。
If I had some money, I would lend him some, but unfortunately, I have none.(none=not any money)
如果我有钱的话, 我就借给他了, 但遗憾的是, 我没钱。
I wished someone could help me, but there was no one at the moment.(no one=not anyone)
我希望当时有人能帮我, 但当时没有人。
2. none后面可跟of短语, 而something/anything/everything/nothing和someone/anyone/everyone/no one却不能。
As we were asleep, none of us heard the sound.
由于我们都睡着了, 因此我们当中没人听到那个声音。
None of them knew about the plan because it was kept as a secret.
他们当中没人知道那项计划, 因为那还是一个秘密。
题组训练用none, nobody(no one), nothing填空
[12] (2013江西, 23) No one/Nobody can be good at something for 40 years if he doesn't love it.
[13]Swimming is my favorite sport. There is nothing like swimming as a means of keeping fit.
[14]—Wow!You've got so many clothes.
—But none of them are in fashion now.
[15] I couldn't just stand by and do nothing .
(四)many, much, few, little, a few, a little 的区别
注意: only a few=few; only a little=little; quite a few =many; quite a little=much。
题组训练用many, much, few, little, a few, a little完成下列句子
[16]Many (很多)people don't have much (很多)food.
[17]Many (很多)of the mistakes were just caused by carelessness.
[18]Few (很少)people can live to be 100 years old.
[19]You have done very little (很少)for me.
[20]Come in and have a little (一点)whisky.
[21]She has written many books but I've only read a few (少数).
(五)one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those的区别
We have various summer camps for your holidays. You can choose one(=a summer camp)based on your own interests. 我们为您的假期提供了各种各样的夏令营, 您可以根据自己的兴趣选择一种。(one代替“a/an + 单数名词”)
Mr. Zhang gave me many valuable presents, ones(=presents)that I had never seen.
张先生给了我很多珍贵的礼物, 这些(礼物)是我从来没见过的。(ones代替“零冠词 + 复数名词”)
The book on the desk is better than the one/that(=the book)under the desk. 桌上的那本书比桌下的
那本书要好。(the one/that代替“the + 单数名词”)
The books on the desk are better than the ones/those(=the books)under the desk. 桌上的那些书比桌下的那些书好。(the ones/those代替“the + 复数名词”)
Little joy can equal that(=the joy)of a surprising ending when you read stories.
几乎没有什么乐趣能比得上在阅读故事时读到一个出乎意料的结局时的乐趣。(that代替“the + 不可数名词”)
题组训练用适当的代词填空
[22]I'm moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than that in the city.
[23]Helping others is a habit, one you can learn even at an early age.
(六)含复合不定代词的习惯用语
He is nothing but a clerk. 他只是一名职员。
He is anything but a clerk. 他根本不是一名职员。
She is something of a doctor. She has saved many lives.
可以说她是一位医生。她救了很多人的命。
He might be a scientist or something.
他大概是科学家之类的人物。
Your house is something like ours.
你们的房子有点像我们的。
They get something like 97% renewals every year.
他们每年大约有97%的用户续订。
题组训练用anything, nothing填空
[24]She's always trying to get something for nothing .
[25]They work very hard. They are anything but lazybones.
[26]The visit is boring. It is nothing but a waste of time.
(七)全部否定和部分否定
all, both, everyone, everybody, everything以及“every + 名词”都表示全部肯定;
no one, none, nobody, nothing, not... any以及“no + 名词”都表示全部否定;
当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句子中时, 不管not在它们之前还是在它们之后都表示部分否定。此外, not与总括性副词如everywhere, always, wholly, altogether等连用时也表示部分否定。
Not all of them smoke.=All of them don't smoke.
他们当中不是所有的人都抽烟。
All of the boys are clever, but none of them can work out this problem. 这些男孩都很聪明, 但他们当中没有一个能解出这道题。
Such a thing can't be found everywhere.
这种事并非到处可见。
六、it的用法
1. 指代上文提到的某样东西
Where is my dictionary?I left it right on the desk.
我的字典哪里去了?我就把它放在桌子上了。
2. 用以代替指示代词this, that
—What's this?——这是什么?
—It's a flag.——是一面旗。
—Whose exercise book is that?——那是谁的练习本?
—It's hers.——是她的。
3. 指不知性别的婴儿(baby)或身份不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)
The baby cried because it was hungry.
婴儿因饥饿而啼哭。
—Who is knocking at the door?——谁在敲门?
—It's me.——是我。
4. 指时间、天气、距离等
It is nine o'clock sharp now. 现在是9点整。
It is raining hard outside. 外面雨下得正大。
It is a long way to the factory.
到工厂有很长一段路。
5. 作形式主语或形式宾语
it常用来代替不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作形式主语或形式宾语而将真正的主语或宾语后置。
It's not easy to learn a foreign language.(作形式主语, 代替不定式短语)
学习一门外语不容易。
It's impossible for him to get there in time.(作形式主语, 代替不定式结构)
他不可能及时到达那里。
It is no good living alone without keeping in touch with others.(作形式主语, 代替动名词短语)
独居不和外人来往是没有好处的。
I find it easy to get on with Jim.(作形式宾语, 代替不定式短语)
我发现同吉姆相处很容易。
I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.(作形式宾语, 代替名词性从句)
我已经讲得很清楚, 任何人都不准在这儿吸烟。
题组训练用it作形式主语或形式宾语补全下列句子
[27]我认为我们开这个会是必要的。
I think it(is)necessary that we have the meeting.
[28]众所周知, 在世界上中国人口最多。
It is well known that China has the largest population in the world.
[29]据说他们都去看电影了。
It is said that all of them have gone to the cinema.
6. 强调句型
(1)强调句型的陈述句形式: It is/was/might be + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他成分。被强调部分为“人”时可用who/that, 被强调部分是“事物”时用that。
It is I who/that am right.(强调主语)
It was him that/who we met at the school gate.(强调宾语)
It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.(强调状语)
It might be his father that/who you're thinking of.
你牵挂的可能是他父亲。
(2)强调句型的一般疑问句形式: Is/Was it + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他成分?
Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?
第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗?
(3)强调句型的特殊疑问句形式: 特殊疑问词 + is/was it that + 其他成分?
Who was it that broke the window?
打破窗户的是谁?
(4)not... until... 结构的强调句型。
其强调句式为: It is/was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他成分。
He didn't go to bed until ten o'clock.
→It was not until ten o'clock that he went to bed.
直到10点他才上床睡觉。
I didn't realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.
→It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.
直到她摘掉墨镜我才认出她是一个著名影星。
题组训练根据句子意思填空
[30] (2014四川, 3)Was it because Jack came late for school that Mr. Smith got angry?
[31] (2013课标II, 10)It was only after he had read the papers that Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.
[32] (2012湖南, 30)It was not until I came here that I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.
[33] It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village that the hostess cooked such a nice dinner.
