执行jar命令如下：

[root@bigdata101 flink-1.12.0]# bin/flink run -c app.FlinkCDC /data/project/flinkCDC/onedata-flink-1.0-SNAPSHOT-jar-with-dependencies.jar

异常：

------------------------------------------------------------
 The program finished with the following exception:

org.apache.flink.client.program.ProgramInvocationException: The main method caused an error: Failed to execute job 'FlinkCDC'.
        at org.apache.flink.client.program.PackagedProgram.callMainMethod(PackagedProgram.java:330)
        at org.apache.flink.client.program.PackagedProgram.invokeInteractiveModeForExecution(PackagedProgram.java:198)
        at org.apache.flink.client.ClientUtils.executeProgram(ClientUtils.java:114)
        at org.apache.flink.client.cli.CliFrontend.executeProgram(CliFrontend.java:743)
        at org.apache.flink.client.cli.CliFrontend.run(CliFrontend.java:242)
        at org.apache.flink.client.cli.CliFrontend.parseAndRun(CliFrontend.java:971)
        at org.apache.flink.client.cli.CliFrontend.lambda$main$10(CliFrontend.java:1047)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.security.contexts.NoOpSecurityContext.runSecured(NoOpSecurityContext.java:30)
        at org.apache.flink.client.cli.CliFrontend.main(CliFrontend.java:1047)
Caused by: org.apache.flink.util.FlinkException: Failed to execute job 'FlinkCDC'.
        at org.apache.flink.streaming.api.environment.StreamExecutionEnvironment.executeAsync(StreamExecutionEnvironment.java:1951)
        at org.apache.flink.client.program.StreamContextEnvironment.executeAsync(StreamContextEnvironment.java:128)
        at org.apache.flink.client.program.StreamContextEnvironment.execute(StreamContextEnvironment.java:76)
        at org.apache.flink.streaming.api.environment.StreamExecutionEnvironment.execute(StreamExecutionEnvironment.java:1822)
        at app.FlinkCDC.main(FlinkCDC.java:36)
        at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
        at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
        at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
        at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
        at org.apache.flink.client.program.PackagedProgram.callMainMethod(PackagedProgram.java:316)
        ... 8 more
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: org.apache.flink.runtime.client.JobInitializationException: Could not instantiate JobManager.
        at org.apache.flink.util.ExceptionUtils.rethrow(ExceptionUtils.java:309)
        at org.apache.flink.util.function.FunctionUtils.lambda$uncheckedFunction$2(FunctionUtils.java:76)
        at java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture.uniApply(CompletableFuture.java:602)
        at java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture$UniApply.tryFire(CompletableFuture.java:577)
        at java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture$Completion.run(CompletableFuture.java:442)
        at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)
Caused by: org.apache.flink.runtime.client.JobInitializationException: Could not instantiate JobManager.
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.dispatcher.Dispatcher.lambda$createJobManagerRunner$5(Dispatcher.java:463)
        at java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture$AsyncSupply.run(CompletableFuture.java:1590)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149)
        at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624)
        ... 1 more
Caused by: org.apache.flink.util.FlinkRuntimeException: Failed to create checkpoint storage at checkpoint coordinator side.
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.checkpoint.CheckpointCoordinator.<init>(CheckpointCoordinator.java:316)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.checkpoint.CheckpointCoordinator.<init>(CheckpointCoordinator.java:231)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.executiongraph.ExecutionGraph.enableCheckpointing(ExecutionGraph.java:495)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.executiongraph.ExecutionGraphBuilder.buildGraph(ExecutionGraphBuilder.java:347)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.scheduler.SchedulerBase.createExecutionGraph(SchedulerBase.java:291)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.scheduler.SchedulerBase.createAndRestoreExecutionGraph(SchedulerBase.java:256)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.scheduler.SchedulerBase.<init>(SchedulerBase.java:238)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.scheduler.DefaultScheduler.<init>(DefaultScheduler.java:134)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.scheduler.DefaultSchedulerFactory.createInstance(DefaultSchedulerFactory.java:108)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.jobmaster.JobMaster.createScheduler(JobMaster.java:323)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.jobmaster.JobMaster.<init>(JobMaster.java:310)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.jobmaster.factories.DefaultJobMasterServiceFactory.createJobMasterService(DefaultJobMasterServiceFactory.java:96)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.jobmaster.factories.DefaultJobMasterServiceFactory.createJobMasterService(DefaultJobMasterServiceFactory.java:41)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.jobmaster.JobManagerRunnerImpl.<init>(JobManagerRunnerImpl.java:141)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.dispatcher.DefaultJobManagerRunnerFactory.createJobManagerRunner(DefaultJobManagerRunnerFactory.java:80)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.dispatcher.Dispatcher.lambda$createJobManagerRunner$5(Dispatcher.java:450)
        ... 4 more
Caused by: org.apache.flink.core.fs.UnsupportedFileSystemSchemeException: Could not find a file system implementation for scheme 'hdfs'. The scheme is not directly supported by Flink and no Hadoop file system to support this scheme could be loaded. For a full list of supported file systems, please see https://ci.apache.org/projects/flink/flink-docs-stable/ops/filesystems/.
        at org.apache.flink.core.fs.FileSystem.getUnguardedFileSystem(FileSystem.java:491)
        at org.apache.flink.core.fs.FileSystem.get(FileSystem.java:389)
        at org.apache.flink.core.fs.Path.getFileSystem(Path.java:292)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.state.filesystem.FsCheckpointStorageAccess.<init>(FsCheckpointStorageAccess.java:64)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.state.filesystem.FsStateBackend.createCheckpointStorage(FsStateBackend.java:501)
        at org.apache.flink.runtime.checkpoint.CheckpointCoordinator.<init>(CheckpointCoordinator.java:313)
        ... 19 more
Caused by: org.apache.flink.core.fs.UnsupportedFileSystemSchemeException: Hadoop is not in the classpath/dependencies.
        at org.apache.flink.core.fs.UnsupportedSchemeFactory.create(UnsupportedSchemeFactory.java:58)
        at org.apache.flink.core.fs.FileSystem.getUnguardedFileSystem(FileSystem.java:487)
        ... 24 more

原因：
主要原因在于flink自1.8之后不再提供对应的hadoop编译版本，需要用户自己重新编译或者提供一个flink和hadoop连接器。

解决方法：
这里提供的是flink-shaded-hadoop-2-uber-2.7.5-9.0.jar，可以到[maven](Central Repository: org/apache/flink/flink-shaded-hadoop-2-uber/2.7.5-9.0 (maven.org)
)中央仓库下载。将该jar拷贝到flink目录的lib下，同步到每一台flink机器即可。然后重启flink。
进程查看

[root@bigdata101 hadoop]# jps
24385 CliFrontend
24295 TaskManagerRunner
24024 StandaloneSessionClusterEntrypoint
17865 SecondaryNameNode
24906 Jps
3405 QuorumPeerMain
17677 NameNode

出现了StandaloneSessionClusterEntrypoint进程
再次运行jar执行正常：