Session简单介绍
在WEB开发中,服务器可以为每个浏览器用户创建一个会话对象(session对象),注意:一个浏览器用户独占一个session对象(默认情况下)。因此,在需要保存用户数据时,服务器程序可以把用户数据写到浏览器用户独占的session中,当用户使用浏览器访问该web应用的其它servlet时,其它servlet可以从用户的session中取出该用户的数据,为用户服务,从而实现数据在多个页面中的共享。
Session和Cookie的主要区别
- Cookie是把用户的数据写到用户的浏览器。
- Session技术把用户的数据写到用户独占的session中,tomcat服务器内存中。
- Session对象由服务器创建,开发人员可以调用request对象的getSession方法得到session对象
session机制演示图
服务器通过request对象的getSession方法创建出session对象后,会把session的id号,以cookie的形式回写给客户机,这样,只要客户机的浏览器不关,再去访问服务器时,都会带着session的id号去,服务器发现客户机浏览器带session id过来了,就会使用内存中与之对应的session为之服务。
一个例子
@WebServlet(name = "TestServlet",urlPatterns = "/test")
public class TestServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpSession httpSession = request.getSession();
httpSession.setAttribute("user","zhangsan");
System.out.println(httpSession.getId());
}
}
在开发者工具中查看,第一发出时请求响应头当中有Set-Cooie
再次请求时(刷新),响应头当中将没有Set-Cookie,而请求头当中将有Cookie发回给服务器,
两个Cookie完全一样,以后的每次请求都会找到那个session对象,完成跟踪。
Session cookie
session通过SessionID来区分不同的客户, session是以cookie为基础的,系统会创造一个名为JSESSIONID的输出cookie,这称之为session cookie,以区别persistent cookies(也就是我们通常所说的cookie),session cookie是存储于浏览器内存中的,并不是写到硬盘上的,session cookie针对某一次会话而言,会话结束session cookie也就随着消失了,而persistent cookie只是存在于客户端硬盘上的一段文本。
关闭浏览器,只会使浏览器端内存里的session cookie消失,但不会使保存在服务器端的session对象消失,同样也不会使已经保存到硬盘上的持久化cookie消失。
持久化session cookie
@WebServlet(name = "TestServlet",urlPatterns = "/test")
public class TestServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpSession httpSession = request.getSession();
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("JESSIONID",httpSession.getId());
cookie.setMaxAge(300);
}
}
关闭浏览器,5分钟之内打开浏览器,session依然有效。
HttpSession的生命周期
问题:用户开一个浏览器访问一个网站,服务器是不是针对这次会话创建一个session?
答:不是的。session的创建时机是在程序中第一次去执行request.getSession();这个代码,服务器才会为你创建session。
问题:关闭浏览器,会话结束,session是不是就销毁了呢?
答:不是的。session是30分钟没人用了才会死,服务器会自动摧毁session。
session何时会销毁
A.调用invalidate()方法,该方法使HttpSession立即失效
@WebServlet(name = "TestServlet",urlPatterns = "/test")
public class TestServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpSession httpSession = request.getSession();
httpSession.invalidate();
}
}
B.服务器卸载了当前WEB应用
C.超出session过期时间
@WebServlet(name = "TestServlet",urlPatterns = "/test")
public class TestServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpSession httpSession = request.getSession();
httpSession.setMaxInactiveInterval(30);//单位秒
}
}
web.xml文件中也可以修改session的过期时间(全局的,所有的session的过期时间,若想单独设置还是像上面那样单独设置),单位分钟。
<session-config>
<session-timeout>30</session-timeout>
</session-config>
利用session完成用户登陆
首先创建代表用户的JavaBean——User.java。
public class User {
private String username;
private String password;
public User() {
super();
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
public User(String username, String password) {
super();
this.username = username;
this.password = password;
}
public String getUsername() {
return username;
}
public void setUsername(String username) {
this.username = username;
}
public String getPassword() {
return password;
}
public void setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
}
}
然后创建网站首页——index.jsp。
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Insert title here</title>
</head>
<body>
欢迎您:${user.username } <a href="/day07/login.html">登录</a> <a href="/day07/LogoutServlet">退出登录</a>
<br/><br/><br/>
<a href="/day07/SessionDemo1">购买</a><br/>
<a href="/day07/SessionDemo2">结账</a>
</body>
</html>
接着创建登录页面——login.html。
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Insert title here</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/day07/LoginServlet" method="post">
用户名:<input type="text" name="username"><br/>
密码:<input type="password" name="password"><br/>
<input type="submit" value="登录">
</form>
</body>
</html>
再创建处理用户登录的Servlet——LoginServlet。
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
String username = request.getParameter("username");
String password = request.getParameter("password");
List<User> list = DB.getAll();
for(User user : list) {
// 用户登录成功
if(user.getUsername().equals(username) && user.getPassword().equals(password)) {
request.getSession().setAttribute("user", user); // 登录成功,向session中存入一个登录标记
response.sendRedirect("/day07/index.jsp");
return;
}
}
out.print("用户名或密码不正确!!!");
}
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response);
}
}
class DB {
public static List<User> list = new ArrayList<User>();
static {
list.add(new User("aaa", "123"));
list.add(new User("bbb", "123"));
list.add(new User("ccc", "123"));
}
public static List<User> getAll() {
return list;
}
}
最后创建用户注销的Servlet——LogoutServlet。
// 完成用户注销
public class LogoutServlet extends HttpServlet {
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
HttpSession session = request.getSession(false);
if(session == null) {
response.sendRedirect("/day07/index.jsp");
return;
}
session.removeAttribute("user"); // 移除登录标记
response.sendRedirect("/day07/index.jsp");
}
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request, response);
}
}
使用Session实现验证码
Session的典型案例:一次性验证码
生成验证码图像的工具类GenerateCode.java 代码
package util;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.util.Random;
/**
* Created by ttc on 2018/3/15.
*/
public class GenerateCode {
//设置验证图片的宽度, 高度, 验证码的个数
private int width = 152;
private int height = 40;
//验证码字体的高度
private int fontHeight = 38;
//验证码中的单个字符基线. 即:验证码中的单个字符位于验证码图形左上角的 (codeX, codeY) 位置处
private int codeX = 25;//width / (codeCount + 2);
private int codeY = 36;
public BufferedImage Generate(String code)
{
//定义一个类型为 BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_BGR 类型的图像缓存
BufferedImage buffImg = null;
buffImg = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_3BYTE_BGR);
//在 buffImg 中创建一个 Graphics2D 图像
Graphics2D graphics = null;
graphics = buffImg.createGraphics();
//设置一个颜色, 使 Graphics2D 对象的后续图形使用这个颜色
graphics.setColor(Color.WHITE);
//填充一个指定的矩形: x - 要填充矩形的 x 坐标; y - 要填充矩形的 y 坐标; width - 要填充矩形的宽度; height - 要填充矩形的高度
graphics.fillRect(0, 0, width, height);
//创建一个 Font 对象: name - 字体名称; style - Font 的样式常量; size - Font 的点大小
Font font = null;
font = new Font("", Font.BOLD, fontHeight);
//使 Graphics2D 对象的后续图形使用此字体
graphics.setFont(font);
graphics.setColor(Color.BLACK);
//绘制指定矩形的边框, 绘制出的矩形将比构件宽一个也高一个像素
graphics.drawRect(0, 0, width - 1, height - 1);
//随机产生 15 条干扰线, 使图像中的认证码不易被其它程序探测到
Random random = null;
random = new Random();
graphics.setColor(Color.GREEN);
for(int i = 0; i < 30; i++){
int x = random.nextInt(width);
int y = random.nextInt(height);
int x1 = random.nextInt(20);
int y1 = random.nextInt(20);
graphics.drawLine(x, y, x + x1, y + y1);
}
graphics.setColor(Color.BLACK);
for(int i = 0; i < code.length(); i++){
//用随机产生的颜色将验证码绘制到图像中
// graphics.setColor(Color.BLUE);
graphics.drawString(String.valueOf(code.charAt(i)), (i + 1)* codeX, codeY);
}
return buffImg;
}
}
ValidateColorServlet
@WebServlet("/validateColorServlet")
public class ValidateColorServlet extends HttpServlet {
private int codeCount = 4;
//验证码由哪些字符组成
char [] codeSequence = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz23456789".toCharArray();
public void service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
//创建 randomCode 对象, 用于保存随机产生的验证码, 以便用户登录后进行验证
StringBuffer randomCode = new StringBuffer();
Random random = new Random();
for(int i = 0; i < codeCount; i++){
//得到随机产生的验证码数字
String strRand = null;
strRand = String.valueOf(codeSequence[random.nextInt(36)]);
randomCode.append(strRand);
}
GenerateCode generateCode = new GenerateCode();
BufferedImage buffImg =generateCode.Generate(randomCode.toString());
request.getSession().setAttribute("CHECK_CODE", randomCode.toString());
//禁止图像缓存
response.setHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
response.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
response.setDateHeader("Expires", 0);
//将图像输出到输出流中
ServletOutputStream sos = null;
sos = response.getOutputStream();
ImageIO.write(buffImg, "jpeg", sos);
sos.close();
}
}
check.jsp
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Insert title here</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="checkCodeServlet" method="post">
username:<input type="text" name="username">
checkCode:<input type="text" name="check">
<img src="${pageContext.request.contextPath }/validateColorServlet">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
CheckCodeServlet
package com.neusoft.javaweb.checkcode;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
/**
* Servlet implementation class CheckCodeServlet
*/
@WebServlet("/checkCodeServlet")
public class CheckCodeServlet extends HttpServlet {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
String strCheckCode = request.getParameter("check");
String checkCode = (String)request.getSession().getAttribute("CHECK_CODE");
if(strCheckCode.equalsIgnoreCase(checkCode)) {
response.sendRedirect("hello.jsp");
}else {
response.setContentType("text/html");
response.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
PrintWriter pr = response.getWriter();
pr.println("验证码错误");
}
}
}