定义在semaphore.h中，一共三个api

• 创建信号量

dispatch_semaphore_t
dispatch_semaphore_create(intptr_t value);

• 信号量-1

intptr_t
dispatch_semaphore_wait(dispatch_semaphore_t dsema, dispatch_time_t timeout);

• 信号量+1

intptr_t
dispatch_semaphore_signal(dispatch_semaphore_t dsema);

原理：调用dispatch_semaphore_wait之后信号量-1，信号量大于等于0继续执行，否则锁住临界区；调用dispatch_semaphore_signal之后信号量+1，信号量大于等于0继续执行

使用

dispatch_semaphore_t semaphore = dispatch_semaphore_create(5);
NSInteger n = 10;
while (n--) {
    dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{
        dispatch_semaphore_wait(semaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
        NSLog(@"%ld:%@", (long)n, [NSThread currentThread]);
        sleep(1);
        dispatch_semaphore_signal(semaphore);
    });
}

场景：

控制最大并发数，当并发数为1的时候就是串行，即可以当做互斥锁使用