一切为不好好学习找的借口都是耍流氓。
-------柴酱夫斯基
翻译练习：
The remains of plants and animals that lived on land are muchmore rarely preserved, for there is seldom anything to cover them over. Whenyou think of the innumerable birds that one sees flying bout, not to mentionthe equally numerous small animals like field mice and voles which you do not see, it is very rarely that one comes across a dead body, except, of course, onthe roads.
翻译1：现存在地球上的动植物的骨灰（遗骸）愈加难以保存下来了，因为几乎没有东西可以掩盖并保全他们的骨灰（遗骸）。当你想象有可见的数不清的鸟儿在你面前飞来飞去时，更不用说那些同样数量巨大但你很难看到的类似于老鼠和田鼠这样的小动物了。你几乎很难有机会看到他们的尸体（并从它们身旁穿过），当然，除非你在马路上看到它们（小动物的尸体）。
翻译2：曾生存在陆地上的动植物的遗骸越加稀少，且难以保存，因为几乎没有东西可以掩盖他们。你可以想象你正目睹有数不清的鸟儿从你面前飞来飞去，更别说那些罕见但数量繁多类似老鼠和田鼠这样的小动物。你几乎很难有机会看到它们的尸体，当然。除非你在马路上看到它们，那又另当别论了。
官方：曾在陆地上生活过的动植物的遗体被保存下来的更为罕见，因为陆地上几乎没有什么东西覆盖它们。你可以想象出天上有看得见的飞来飞去、数不清的鸟，地上有不显眼的无数的老鼠和田鼠之类的小动物，但是，除非在路上，很少有人遇到这些动物的尸体。
一．词组与短语
1.theremainingof剩留下来的
2.theremainsof一般上是某某人遗留下来的骨灰
3.preserved,保存的，现存的
4.seldom难得；罕见；不大
5.cover them over掩盖
Eg：Then shut your eyes and cover them over with your hands.
接着闭上眼睛且双手蒙住。
7.flying bout飞来飞去
8. field mice and voles老鼠和田鼠
二．导师讲解
1.强调状语的强调句比较容易判断。但强调主语和宾语的使用that的强调句与定语从句之间有可能出现混淆。
例如：强调主语：It was myteacher who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语：It was theexperiment that my teacher did in the lab yesterday evening.
3.注意preserve和reserve的区别。
4.比较innumerable和numerous的近似含义。
5.没有提及可以用there is no mention of….或者it isnot mentioned/we don’t mention.
更不用说。用法其实和中文一致。我们在使用 更不用说 来表示递进，进一步说明。例如，他口译都是高分通过，更不用说考六级了！那么就是表达，他六级一定会通过。英语也是一样，今天句子用not to mention就是指，吾等可见群鸟纷飞于苍穹，更不必言，难为日常所见之鼠族，生息于大地。
二．知识补充
1.动词不定式：
2.动名词与不定式1） 动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11组：1stop to dostop doing
2 forget to doforgetdoing
3remember to doremember doing
4 regret to doregretdoing
5cease to docease doing
6 try to dotry doing
7go on to dogo on doing
8 afraid to doafraiddoing
9interested to dointerested doing
10 mean to domean doing
11 begin/ start to dobegin/
start doing
3.
4.不定式的时态和语态时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式to doto be done
进行式to be doing
完成式to have doneto havebeen done
完成进行式to have been doing
5.1)现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I’ll see you
again.我希望再见到你。
2)完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3)进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.
4)完成进行时：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem formany years.
6.不定式的特殊句型Why not"Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"
例如Why not take a holiday?
干吗不去度假?
7.不定式的特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose
his job.
汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2)so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾，现在几点了。
8.不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ?需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I’m afraid the box is too heavy for you to
carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2)如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为"不太"。
It’s never too late to mend.(谚语)
改过不嫌晚。
3)当too前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常…等于very。
I’m only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。
9.动词不定式的否定式Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
典型例题
1）Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut notB. not to
shutC. to not shut
D. not shut
答案：B。tell sb to do sth的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.
2)She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A.not to seeB. not seeingC. to not see
D.having not seen
答案：A。pretend后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。
3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to driveB. to
never driver
C. never drivingD. never
drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth.此处用的是否定词never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but
his mother told him ____.
A. not toB. not to doC. not do it
D. do not to
答案：A。not to为not to do it的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat noB. eating notC. not to eat
D. not eating
答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。
10.动词不定式的句子成分
11.不定式作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
不定式作定语不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：
12.I
have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light.
不定式作状语1）目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了),in order
to,so as to,so(such)… as to…
(如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3)表原因
I’m glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very
comfortable to ___.
A. sitB. sit onC. be seatD. be sat on
答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。
13.不定式主语1）It’s easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;
the first,the next,the
last,the best,too much,too little,not enough
It’s so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do notuse it.
当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2) It’s very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。
Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
注意：1)其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2)不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
3)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe to see.
14.不定式作补语1)动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
adviseallowappointbelievecausechallengecommandcompelconsiderdeclaredriveenableencouragefindforbidforceguesshireimagineimpelinduceinforminstructinvitejudgeknowlikeorderpermitpersuaderemindreportrequestrequireselectsendstatesupposetellthinktraintrustunderstandurgewarn
例句：
a.Father will not allow us
to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
15.b.We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的。
Find的特殊用法：
Find后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例题:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lyingB. lieC. layD. laying
答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover, fancy(设想),feelfind,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解),
show,suppose,take(以为),understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students inour class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered___ the first computer.
A. to inventB. inventingC.
to have inventedD. having invented
答案：A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词
Seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope, wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4)there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意 ： 有些动词需用as短语做补语，如regard,think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
16.
不定式作宾语1)动词+不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand 等
举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
17.Ihappen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2）动词+不定式 ； 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare,promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3） 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder,hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that.请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale
that I can’t make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
备注：
单词比较：.preserve&reserve的区别
preserve
vt.保护,保持,保存,维持,腌,禁猎vi.加工食品,禁猎n.加工成的食品,禁猎地,保护区,防护物
reserve
n.储备品,贮量,后备军,自然保护区,保留,拘谨,节制,储备金vt.保留,保存,预订,延期,推迟【医】储备[力],储量【经】准备;储备
区别Reserve比较常见，是指为“留作后用”的保留、预订,可指保留座位、权利、意见等等
Preserve则不光是只「保留」，还强调保留下来「收藏」，使东西完好无损,侧重“为了不至于灭绝、损坏”而进行的保护。
3.numerous,countless,innumerable的区别
countless
adj.too numerous to be counted
例句: countless hours
numerous
adj.
1. [修饰复数名词]许多的，大量的2. [修饰单数名词]为数众多的
adj.amounting to a large indefinite number
例句: numerous times
the family was numerous
adj.too numerous to be counted
例句: innumerable difficulties
从上面可以看出innumerable =countless意为数不尽的，无数的。而numerous是修饰复数名词的，指的是许多的，大量的。
大家都get到了吗？
