本周《Thinking Fast and Slow》的读书笔记
Ch.3 THE LAZY CONTROLLER
--Several psychological studies have shown that people who are simultaneously challenged by a demanding cognitive task and by a temptation are more likely to yield to the temptation.
--System 1 has more influence on behavior when System 2 is busy, and it has a sweet tooth.
这段话告诫我们千万别尝试一次性接受两个挑战,因为你肯定会失败。若你正在为手头的工作竭尽脑汁,那事后别太怪罪自己一时没管住想吃零食的嘴,或是工作完后又开始在电商平台买买买。我们毕竟不是理性人,我们的行为受当时当地当下这一刻情境和情绪的影响,包容自己的非理性是正确认识自己的开始。
If you have had to force yourself to do something ,you are less willing or less able to exert self-control when the next challenge comes around. The phenomenon has been named ego depletion.
既然意识到有“自我损耗”,那么我们就可以采用一些小小的策略来减少影响。比如说给完成一项具有挑战性工作的自己适当的奖励,吃一顿大餐,或是买一份小礼物,或是工作间隙出去溜达一圈之类的。刻意地在两项工作之间预留一部分缓冲时间,调整思绪,放松身体,以便更好地进行工作内容的转换。这就跟橡皮筋一直紧绷着会容易断裂一样,松弛有序才能持之以恒。
Tired and hungry judges tend to fall back on the easier default position of denying requests for parole.
在这一章里,作者还问了一个有趣的问题:“一天里法官在什么时刻最容易批准犯人的假释申请?”研究者观察了8位以色列法官整天的工作,并记录了每一个假释申请案件办结的时间,法官们吃三餐的时间。研究结果表明被批准的假释申请大多集中在法官们刚吃完饭的头两个小时里。案件审理时间离法官用餐结束时间越远,被批准假释的机会就越小。因为拒绝假释是默认选项,而准许假释是法官要花费一定力气思考的,所以当法官越累越饿的时候,他就越倾向于按容易操作的方式来了。
It suggests that when people believe a conclution is true, they are also likey to believe arguments that appear to support it, even when these arguments are unsound. If System 1 is involved, the conclusion comes first and the arguments follow.
我们中的大多数都是过于自信的,这就跟世上没有一个妈妈会认为自己的孩子长得比平均水平难看一样。所以当我们先得出一个结论时,我们就倾向于去认可和寻找那些支持这一结论的论据,即使这样的论据没有被充分的认证过。我们看到的只是我们想要看到的,这样的例子在生活中比比皆是。比如准妈妈走在路上看到的大多是准妈妈;当你认定你的同事有意为难你时,你就处处能找到疑似他故意刁难的迹象。提醒自己,千万别太把自己当回事,也别轻易下结论,要学会运用统计归纳,演绎推理。
Ch.4 THE ASSOCIATIVE MACHINE
If you have recently seen or heard the word EAT, you are temporarily more likely to complete the word fragment SO_P as SOUP than as SOAP.
the young people who had fashioned a sentence from words with an elderly theme walked down the hallway significantly more slowly than the others.
本章讲述的是“启动效应”(Priming effects),说的是当你脑中的某一概念被触发后,会随即引起与之相关的一系列概念和活动。比如说你先看到或听到了“吃”这个词,那么随后当你玩英文拼字游戏时对于SO_P,你更倾向于先想到SOUP(汤),而不是SOAP(香皂)。同样的,心理学家也做过很多类似的实验,比如说在一个充斥着“老、年长”等暗示的T台场景里,模特们走路的步伐都会慢于其他秀场。
这样看来,环境对个人的影响是不可忽视的,而且不是你靠理性就能有意识地抵抗的了的。因为很多暗示都是在你完全无意识的情况下完成的。换个角度想,这也是人会充满不确定性的原因,无法预测,充满变数,生活也因此而多彩不同。
If you were primed to think of old age, you would tend to act old, and acting old would reinforce the thought of old age.
尤其要注意的是,上面所讲的启动效应可不是只对个人有瞬时的影响。比如说当你想到“老年人”时,你的这个想法会影响你的行动,让你走路变得比平时缓慢。但同时,你这个走路缓慢的行为也强化了你对“老年人”的概念认知,从而进一步又影响了你的下一个动作...... 在心理学上把这种相互作用,循环加强的效应成为“Reciprocal priming effects”.
the support for propositions to increase the funding of schools was significantly greater when the polling station was in a school than when it was in a nearby location.
在我们的日常生活中,是可以充分利用“启动效应”来达成目的的,比如说对于“增加学校基金”的议题,当你把投票地点放到学校里时,支持增加学校基金的票数就明显比投票地点不在学校内的投票点票数多。
在本章中还有一个广为人知的例子,说的是在公司的无人自助食品角,当你在自助食品旁边贴上一个眼睛或类似于有双眼睛在看着人们的图像时,这一周自行拿取食物的人会更加自觉地付钱。而当自助食品旁边贴的是一束花的图案时,这一周收到的人们自主交纳的钱就相对少很多。
living in a culture that surrounds us with reminders of money may shape our behavior and our attitudes in ways that we do not know about and of which we may not be proud.
个人的很多行为和观念是受社会文化,国家文化所影响的。当一个社会中处处充斥着“金钱至上”,“金钱万能”的事件时,当社会将个人成功标准简单粗暴地同赚钱多少划等号时,无论你愿意与否,你都必须承认这对你的认知和行为都会造成影响。所以说社会的道德底线不可丢弃,不可能用金钱的竞争来代替社会上所有的竞争。
Some cultures provide frequent reminders of respect, others constantly remind their members of God, and some societies prime obedience by large images of the Dear Leader. Can there be any doubt that the ubiquitous portraits of the national leader in dictatorial societies not only convey the feeling that "Big Brother Is Watching" but also lead to an actual reduction in spontaneous thought and independent action?
这样的观点不太容易读到,摘抄下来,兼听则明,供思考。