八：OpenGL纹理(中):隧道案例

前言：

上节为大家介绍了一个金字塔的原型，接下来为大家来实现一个更加复杂的案例吧，本节为大家介绍一个“隧道穿行”，模拟一个火车隧道。

隧道

分析：

该隧道分析可得五个部分，上顶部、地面、左边墙体、右边墙体、黑色背景。那么我们一个个面来分析吧。

地面：

image.png

我们可以把地面分割成若干个三角形，每四个顶点当做其中的一个长方形(3d视角)，然后将数据加入到批次类中，
代码如下：

 //Z表示深度，隧道的深度
floorBatch.Begin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 28, 1);
    for(z = 60.0f; z >= 0.0f; z -=10.0f)
    {
        floorBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 0.0f);
        floorBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, -10.0f, z);
        
        floorBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 0.0f);
        floorBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, -10.0f, z);
        
        floorBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 1.0f);
        floorBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, -10.0f, z - 10.0f);
        
        floorBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        floorBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, -10.0f, z - 10.0f);
    }
floorBatch.end();

顶部：

image.png

ceilingBatch.Begin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 28, 1);
    for(z = 60.0f; z >= 0.0f; z -=10.0f)
    {
        ceilingBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 1.0f);
        ceilingBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, 10.0f, z - 10.0f);
        
        ceilingBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        ceilingBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, 10.0f, z - 10.0f);
        
        ceilingBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 0.0f);
        ceilingBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, 10.0f, z);
        
        ceilingBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 0.0f);
        ceilingBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, 10.0f, z);
    }
    ceilingBatch.End();

同理可得左边的墙体和右边的墙体：

 leftWallBatch.Begin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 28, 1);
    for(z = 60.0f; z >= 0.0f; z -=10.0f)
    {
        leftWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 0.0f);
        leftWallBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, -10.0f, z);
        
        leftWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 1.0f);
        leftWallBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, 10.0f, z);
        
        leftWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 0.0f);
        leftWallBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, -10.0f, z - 10.0f);
        
        leftWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        leftWallBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, 10.0f, z - 10.0f);
    }
    leftWallBatch.End();
   
   //参考PPT图6-13
    rightWallBatch.Begin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 28, 1);
    for(z = 60.0f; z >= 0.0f; z -=10.0f)
    {
        rightWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 0.0f);
        rightWallBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, -10.0f, z);
        
        rightWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 1.0f);
        rightWallBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, 10.0f, z);
        
        rightWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 0.0f);
        rightWallBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, -10.0f, z - 10.0f);
        
        rightWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        rightWallBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, 10.0f, z - 10.0f);
    }
    rightWallBatch.End();

以上就是各个部分的图形的分析，好了，相信我们已经可以开始上手了吧。

案例代码：

参数

GLShaderManager     shaderManager;          //着色器管理器
GLMatrixStack       modelViewMatrix;        //模型视图矩阵
GLMatrixStack       projectionMatrix;       //投影矩阵
GLFrustum           viewFrustum;            //视景体
GLGeometryTransform transformPipeline;      //几何变换管线

//4个批次容器类
GLBatch             floorBatch;//地面
GLBatch             ceilingBatch;//天花板
GLBatch             leftWallBatch;//左墙面
GLBatch             rightWallBatch;//右墙面

//深度初始值，-65。
GLfloat             viewZ = -65.0f;

GLFrame cameraFrame;


// 纹理标识符号
#define TEXTURE_BRICK   0 //墙面
#define TEXTURE_FLOOR   1 //地板
#define TEXTURE_CEILING 2 //纹理天花板
#define TEXTURE_COUNT   3 //纹理个数

GLuint  textures[TEXTURE_COUNT];//纹理标记数组
//文件tag名字数组
const char *szTextureFiles[TEXTURE_COUNT] = { "brick.tga", "floor.tga", "ceiling.tga" };

main():

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    gltSetWorkingDirectory(argv[0]);
    
    // 标准初始化
    glutInit(&argc, argv);
    glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB);
    glutInitWindowSize(800, 600);
    glutCreateWindow("Tunnel");
    glutReshapeFunc(ChangeSize);
    glutSpecialFunc(SpecialKeys);
    glutDisplayFunc(RenderScene);
    
    
    GLenum err = glewInit();
    if (GLEW_OK != err) {
        fprintf(stderr, "GLEW Error: %s\n", glewGetErrorString(err));
        return 1;
    }
    
    
    // 启动循环，关闭纹理
    SetupRC();
    glutMainLoop();
    ShutdownRC();
    
    return 0;
}

changeSize（）：

//改变视景体和视口，在改变窗口大小或初始化窗口调用
void ChangeSize(int w, int h)
{
    //1.防止对0进行除法操作
    if(h == 0)
        h = 1;
    
    //2.将视口设置大小
    glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
    
    GLfloat fAspect = (GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h;
    
    //3.生成透视投影
    viewFrustum.SetPerspective(80.0f,fAspect,1.0,120.0);
    projectionMatrix.LoadMatrix(viewFrustum.GetProjectionMatrix());
    transformPipeline.SetMatrixStacks(modelViewMatrix, projectionMatrix);
    
}

核心代码：SetRC：

//在这个函数里能够在渲染环境中进行任何需要的初始化，它这里的设置并初始化纹理对象
void SetupRC()
{
    //1.黑色的背景
    glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,1.0f);
    
    //2.初始化shaderManager
    shaderManager.InitializeStockShaders();
    
    
    GLbyte *pBytes;
    GLint iWidth, iHeight, iComponents;
    GLenum eFormat;
    GLint iLoop;

    //3.生成纹理标记
    /** 分配纹理对象 glGenTextures
     参数1：纹理对象的数量
     参数2：纹理对象标识数组
     */
    glGenTextures(TEXTURE_COUNT, textures);
    
    //4. 循环设置纹理数组的纹理参数
    for(iLoop = 0; iLoop < TEXTURE_COUNT; iLoop++)
    {
        /**绑定纹理对象 glBindTexture
         参数1：纹理模式，GL_TEXTURE_1D,GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_3D
         参数2：需要绑定的纹理对象
         */
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[iLoop]);
        
        /**加载tga文件
         参数1：纹理文件名称
         参数2：文件宽度变量地址
         参数3：文件高度变量地址
         参数4：文件组件变量地址
         参数5：文件格式变量地址
         返回值：pBytes，指向图像数据的指针
         */
        
        pBytes = gltReadTGABits(szTextureFiles[iLoop],&iWidth, &iHeight,
                                &iComponents, &eFormat);
        
        //加载纹理、设置过滤器和包装模式
        //GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER（放大过滤器,GL_NEAREST(最邻近过滤)
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
        //GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER(缩小过滤器),GL_NEAREST(最邻近过滤)
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
        //GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S(s轴环绕),GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE(环绕模式强制对范围之外的纹理坐标沿着合法的纹理单元的最后一行或一列进行采样)
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
        //GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T(t轴环绕)，GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE(环绕模式强制对范围之外的纹理坐标沿着合法的纹理单元的最后一行或一列进行采样)
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
        
        
        /**载入纹理 glTexImage2D
         参数1：纹理维度，GL_TEXTURE_2D
         参数2：mip贴图层次
         参数3：纹理单元存储的颜色成分（从读取像素图中获得）
         参数4：加载纹理宽度
         参数5：加载纹理的高度
         参数6：加载纹理的边框
         参数7：像素数据的数据类型,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE无符号整型
         参数8：指向纹理图像数据的指针
         */
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, iComponents, iWidth, iHeight, 0, eFormat, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pBytes);
        
            /**为纹理对象生成一组完整的mipmap glGenerateMipmap
             参数1：纹理维度，GL_TEXTURE_1D,GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_2D
             */
            glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
        
            //释放原始纹理数据，不在需要纹理原始数据了
            free(pBytes);
    }
    
    //5. 设置几何图形顶点/纹理坐标(上.下.左.右)
    GLfloat z;
    
    /*
     GLTools库中的容器类，GBatch，
     void GLBatch::Begin(GLenum primitive,GLuint nVerts,GLuint nTextureUnits = 0);
     参数1：图元枚举值
     参数2：顶点数
     参数3：1组或者2组纹理坐标
     */
    
    floorBatch.Begin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 28, 1);
    //参考PPT图6-10
    //Z表示深度，隧道的深度
    for(z = 60.0f; z >= 0.0f; z -=10.0f)
    {
        floorBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 0.0f);
        floorBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, -10.0f, z);
        
        floorBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 0.0f);
        floorBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, -10.0f, z);
        
        floorBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 1.0f);
        floorBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, -10.0f, z - 10.0f);
        
        floorBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        floorBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, -10.0f, z - 10.0f);
    }
    floorBatch.End();
   
   //参考PPT图6-11
    ceilingBatch.Begin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 28, 1);
    for(z = 60.0f; z >= 0.0f; z -=10.0f)
    {
        ceilingBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 1.0f);
        ceilingBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, 10.0f, z - 10.0f);
        
        ceilingBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        ceilingBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, 10.0f, z - 10.0f);
        
        ceilingBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 0.0f);
        ceilingBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, 10.0f, z);
        
        ceilingBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 0.0f);
        ceilingBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, 10.0f, z);
    }
    ceilingBatch.End();
    
    //参考PPT图6-12
    leftWallBatch.Begin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 28, 1);
    for(z = 60.0f; z >= 0.0f; z -=10.0f)
    {
        leftWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 0.0f);
        leftWallBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, -10.0f, z);
        
        leftWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 1.0f);
        leftWallBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, 10.0f, z);
        
        leftWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 0.0f);
        leftWallBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, -10.0f, z - 10.0f);
        
        leftWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        leftWallBatch.Vertex3f(-10.0f, 10.0f, z - 10.0f);
    }
    leftWallBatch.End();
   
   //参考PPT图6-13
    rightWallBatch.Begin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 28, 1);
    for(z = 60.0f; z >= 0.0f; z -=10.0f)
    {
        rightWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 0.0f);
        rightWallBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, -10.0f, z);
        
        rightWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 0.0f, 1.0f);
        rightWallBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, 10.0f, z);
        
        rightWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 0.0f);
        rightWallBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, -10.0f, z - 10.0f);
        
        rightWallBatch.MultiTexCoord2f(0, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        rightWallBatch.Vertex3f(10.0f, 10.0f, z - 10.0f);
    }
    rightWallBatch.End();
    
    
    
    cameraFrame.MoveForward(-50.f);
}

这里对多个纹理进行绑定和加载，一定要注意

RenderScene

//调用，绘制场景
void RenderScene(void)
{
    //1.用当前清除色，清除窗口
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    
    //2.模型视图压栈
    modelViewMatrix.PushMatrix();
    
    M3DMatrix44f cameraFra;
    cameraFrame.GetCameraMatrix(cameraFra);
    modelViewMatrix.MultMatrix(cameraFra);
    
    //Z轴平移viewZ 距离
//    modelViewMatrix.Translate(0.0f, 0.0f, viewZ);
    
    //3.纹理替换矩阵着色器
    /*
     参数1：GLT_SHADER_TEXTURE_REPLACE（着色器标签）
     参数2：模型视图投影矩阵
     参数3：纹理层
     */
    shaderManager.UseStockShader(GLT_SHADER_TEXTURE_REPLACE, transformPipeline.GetModelViewProjectionMatrix(), 0);
    
    //4.绑定纹理
    /*
     参数1：纹理模式，GL_TEXTURE_1D、GL_TEXTURE_2D、GL_TEXTURE_3D
     参数2：需要绑定的纹理
     */
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[TEXTURE_FLOOR]);
    floorBatch.Draw();
    
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[TEXTURE_CEILING]);
    ceilingBatch.Draw();
    
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[TEXTURE_BRICK]);
    leftWallBatch.Draw();
    rightWallBatch.Draw();
    
    //5.pop
    modelViewMatrix.PopMatrix();
    
    //6.缓存区交换
    glutSwapBuffers();
}

SpecialKeys

//前后移动视口来对方向键作出响应
void SpecialKeys(int key, int x, int y)
{
    if(key == GLUT_KEY_UP)
        //移动的是深度值，Z
       // viewZ += 0.5f;
        cameraFrame.MoveForward(0.5f);
    if(key == GLUT_KEY_DOWN)
//        viewZ -= 0.5f;
    cameraFrame.MoveForward(-0.5f);

    //更新窗口，即可回调到RenderScene函数里
    glutPostRedisplay();
}