H3CSE路由:OSPF特殊区域-Stub 实验现象

感谢相关作者的分享:参考https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/382147334对Stub区域特性的描述,“被设置为stub区域的区域不会学习其他区域的详细路由条目,为保证Stub区域能够到达自治系统外部,Stub区域的ABR将生成一条缺省路由(对应三类LSA),并发布给Stub区域中的其他路由器。”

现对上述特性进行以下实验验证。

实验拓扑:

image.png

步骤一、初始配置(无Stub,无引入外部路由)

首先配置三台路由器各接口的IP地址,然后配置OSPF
SW1:

ospf 1
area 1
netw 192.168.12.1 0.0.0.255

SW2:

ospf 1
area 1
netw 192.168.12.2 0.0.0.255
area 0
netw 192.168.23.2 0.0.0.255

SW3:

ospf 1
area 0
netw 192.168.23.3 0.0.0.255

上述初始配置完成后,分别查看SW1/SW2/SW3的LSDB:

dis ospf lsdb

SW1:

OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 1.1.1.1
                 Link State Database

                         Area: 0.0.0.1
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter       Age  Len   Sequence  Metric
 Router    1.1.1.1         1.1.1.1         139  36    80000005  0
 Router    2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         140  36    80000005  0
 Network   192.168.12.2    2.2.2.2         135  32    80000002  0
 Sum-Net   192.168.23.0    2.2.2.2         166  28    80000001  1

SW2:

OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 2.2.2.2
                 Link State Database

                         Area: 0.0.0.0
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter       Age  Len   Sequence  Metric
 Router    3.3.3.3         3.3.3.3         335  36    80000004  0
 Router    2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         334  36    80000005  0
 Network   192.168.23.3    3.3.3.3         330  32    80000002  0
 Sum-Net   192.168.12.0    2.2.2.2         400  28    80000001  1
                         Area: 0.0.0.1
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter       Age  Len   Sequence  Metric
 Router    1.1.1.1         1.1.1.1         375  36    80000005  0
 Router    2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         374  36    80000005  0
 Network   192.168.12.2    2.2.2.2         370  32    80000002  0
 Sum-Net   192.168.23.0    2.2.2.2         400  28    80000001  1

SW3:

 OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 3.3.3.3
                 Link State Database

                         Area: 0.0.0.0
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter       Age  Len   Sequence  Metric
 Router    3.3.3.3         3.3.3.3         465  36    80000004  0
 Router    2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         466  36    80000005  0
 Network   192.168.23.3    3.3.3.3         460  32    80000002  0
 Sum-Net   192.168.12.0    2.2.2.2         532  28    80000001  1

步骤二、在SW3上引入外部路由,使其成为ASBR

int lo 1
ip ad 10.0.0.1 32
int lo 2
ip ad 10.0.0.2 32
int lo 3
ip ad 10.0.0.3 32
quit
ospf 1
import-route direct

完成上述操作后,再次查看三台路由器的LSDB:
SW1:

OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 1.1.1.1
                 Link State Database

                         Area: 0.0.0.1
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter       Age  Len   Sequence  Metric
 Router    1.1.1.1         1.1.1.1         1243 36    80000005  0
 Router    2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         1244 36    80000005  0
 Network   192.168.12.2    2.2.2.2         1239 32    80000002  0
 Sum-Net   192.168.23.0    2.2.2.2         1270 28    80000001  1
 Sum-Asbr  3.3.3.3         2.2.2.2         435  28    80000001  1

                 AS External Database
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter       Age  Len   Sequence  Metric
 External  10.0.0.1        3.3.3.3         436  36    80000001  1
 External  10.0.0.3        3.3.3.3         436  36    80000001  1
 External  10.0.0.2        3.3.3.3         436  36    80000001  1
 External  3.3.3.3         3.3.3.3         436  36    80000001  1
 External  192.168.23.0    3.3.3.3         436  36    80000001  1

SW2:

OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 2.2.2.2
                 Link State Database

                         Area: 0.0.0.0
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter       Age  Len   Sequence  Metric
 Router    3.3.3.3         3.3.3.3         610  36    80000005  0
 Router    2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         1378 36    80000005  0
 Network   192.168.23.3    3.3.3.3         1374 32    80000002  0
 Sum-Net   192.168.12.0    2.2.2.2         1444 28    80000001  1
                         Area: 0.0.0.1
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter       Age  Len   Sequence  Metric
 Router    1.1.1.1         1.1.1.1         1419 36    80000005  0
 Router    2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         1418 36    80000005  0
 Network   192.168.12.2    2.2.2.2         1414 32    80000002  0
 Sum-Net   192.168.23.0    2.2.2.2         1444 28    80000001  1
 Sum-Asbr  3.3.3.3         2.2.2.2         609  28    80000001  1

                 AS External Database
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter       Age  Len   Sequence  Metric
 External  10.0.0.1        3.3.3.3         610  36    80000001  1
 External  10.0.0.3        3.3.3.3         610  36    80000001  1
 External  10.0.0.2        3.3.3.3         610  36    80000001  1
 External  3.3.3.3         3.3.3.3         610  36    80000001  1
 External  192.168.23.0    3.3.3.3         610  36    80000001  1

SW3:

OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 3.3.3.3
                 Link State Database

                         Area: 0.0.0.0
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter       Age  Len   Sequence  Metric
 Router    3.3.3.3         3.3.3.3         762  36    80000005  0
 Router    2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         1532 36    80000005  0
 Network   192.168.23.3    3.3.3.3         1526 32    80000002  0
 Sum-Net   192.168.12.0    2.2.2.2         1598 28    80000001  1

                 AS External Database
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter       Age  Len   Sequence  Metric
 External  10.0.0.1        3.3.3.3         762  36    80000001  1
 External  10.0.0.3        3.3.3.3         762  36    80000001  1
 External  10.0.0.2        3.3.3.3         762  36    80000001  1
 External  3.3.3.3         3.3.3.3         762  36    80000001  1
 External  192.168.23.0    3.3.3.3         762  36    80000001  1

可以看到,相较于引入外部路由前的LSDB,各路由器的LSDB都增加了5类LSA(AS External LSA)
此外从SW1和SW2的LSDB中可以看到,在area 1中增加了4类LSA(ASBR-summary LSA)的信息:

Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter
Sum-Asbr  3.3.3.3         2.2.2.2 

该4类LSA描述的目标网络是本实验拓扑中ASBR(SW3)的Router ID(3.3.3.3),由ABR(SW2)发出。

此时查看SW1和SW2的路由表
SW1:

Destinations : 16       Routes : 16

Destination/Mask   Proto   Pre Cost        NextHop         Interface
0.0.0.0/32         Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
1.1.1.1/32         Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
3.3.3.3/32         O_ASE2  150 1           192.168.12.2    GE0/0
10.0.0.1/32        O_ASE2  150 1           192.168.12.2    GE0/0
10.0.0.2/32        O_ASE2  150 1           192.168.12.2    GE0/0
10.0.0.3/32        O_ASE2  150 1           192.168.12.2    GE0/0
127.0.0.0/8        Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
127.0.0.1/32       Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
127.255.255.255/32 Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
192.168.12.0/24    Direct  0   0           192.168.12.1    GE0/0
192.168.12.1/32    Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
192.168.12.255/32  Direct  0   0           192.168.12.1    GE0/0
192.168.23.0/24    O_INTER 10  2           192.168.12.2    GE0/0

SW2:

Destinations : 18       Routes : 18

Destination/Mask   Proto   Pre Cost        NextHop         Interface
0.0.0.0/32         Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
2.2.2.2/32         Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
3.3.3.3/32         O_ASE2  150 1           192.168.23.3    GE0/1
10.0.0.1/32        O_ASE2  150 1           192.168.23.3    GE0/1
10.0.0.2/32        O_ASE2  150 1           192.168.23.3    GE0/1
10.0.0.3/32        O_ASE2  150 1           192.168.23.3    GE0/1
127.0.0.0/8        Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
127.0.0.1/32       Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
127.255.255.255/32 Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
192.168.12.0/24    Direct  0   0           192.168.12.2    GE0/0
192.168.12.2/32    Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
192.168.12.255/32  Direct  0   0           192.168.12.2    GE0/0
192.168.23.0/24    Direct  0   0           192.168.23.2    GE0/1
192.168.23.2/32    Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0

可以看到SW1SW2均以第二类外部路由(O_ASE2)的形式学习到去往3.3.3.3和10.0.0.1、10.0.0.2和10.0.0.3的路由。

步骤三、使area 1变为Stub区域

SW1SW2上分别进行以下操作:

ospf 1
area 1
stub

完成上述操作后等待SW1和SW2之间的邻居关系重新建立。
此时再次查看SW1和SW2上的LSDB
SW1:

 OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 1.1.1.1
                 Link State Database

                         Area: 0.0.0.1
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter       Age  Len   Sequence  Metric
 Router    1.1.1.1         1.1.1.1         236  36    80000004  0
 Router    2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         237  36    80000003  0
 Network   192.168.12.2    2.2.2.2         231  32    80000002  0
 Sum-Net   0.0.0.0         2.2.2.2         277  28    80000001  1
 Sum-Net   192.168.23.0    2.2.2.2         277  28    80000001  1

从SW1的LSDB中发现area 1内已经没有了4类LSA,取而代之的是一条新增的3类LSA(Summary LSA)

Sum-Net   0.0.0.0         2.2.2.2         277  28    80000001  1

同时所有5类LSA也没有了,证明此时SW1的LSDB将不再受到外部引入路由变化带来的影响。
SW2:

OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 2.2.2.2
                 Link State Database

                         Area: 0.0.0.0
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter       Age  Len   Sequence  Metric
 Router    3.3.3.3         3.3.3.3         981  36    80000006  0
 Router    2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         48   36    80000007  0
 Network   192.168.23.3    3.3.3.3         45   32    80000004  0
 Sum-Net   192.168.12.0    2.2.2.2         116  28    80000003  1
                         Area: 0.0.0.1
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter       Age  Len   Sequence  Metric
 Router    1.1.1.1         1.1.1.1         381  36    80000004  0
 Router    2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         380  36    80000003  0
 Network   192.168.12.2    2.2.2.2         375  32    80000002  0
 Sum-Net   0.0.0.0         2.2.2.2         420  28    80000001  1
 Sum-Net   192.168.23.0    2.2.2.2         420  28    80000001  1

                 AS External Database
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter       Age  Len   Sequence  Metric
 External  10.0.0.1        3.3.3.3         981  36    80000002  1
 External  10.0.0.3        3.3.3.3         981  36    80000002  1
 External  10.0.0.2        3.3.3.3         981  36    80000002  1
 External  3.3.3.3         3.3.3.3         981  36    80000002  1
 External  192.168.23.0    3.3.3.3         981  36    80000002  1

发现SW2的area 1中的4类LSA也被替换为一条3类LSA

Sum-Net   0.0.0.0         2.2.2.2         420  28    80000001  1

另外,可以看到在SW1和SW2上新增的这条3类LSA由本实验拓扑中的ABR(SW2)(AdvRoute 2.2.2.2)发出。

最后查看SW1和SW2的路由表
SW1:

Destinations : 13       Routes : 13

Destination/Mask   Proto   Pre Cost        NextHop         Interface
0.0.0.0/0          O_INTER 10  2           192.168.12.2    GE0/0
0.0.0.0/32         Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
1.1.1.1/32         Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
127.0.0.0/8        Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
127.0.0.1/32       Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
127.255.255.255/32 Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
192.168.12.0/24    Direct  0   0           192.168.12.1    GE0/0
192.168.12.1/32    Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
192.168.12.255/32  Direct  0   0           192.168.12.1    GE0/0
192.168.23.0/24    O_INTER 10  2           192.168.12.2    GE0/0

SW2:

Destinations : 18       Routes : 18

Destination/Mask   Proto   Pre Cost        NextHop         Interface
0.0.0.0/32         Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
2.2.2.2/32         Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
3.3.3.3/32         O_ASE2  150 1           192.168.23.3    GE0/1
10.0.0.1/32        O_ASE2  150 1           192.168.23.3    GE0/1
10.0.0.2/32        O_ASE2  150 1           192.168.23.3    GE0/1
10.0.0.3/32        O_ASE2  150 1           192.168.23.3    GE0/1
127.0.0.0/8        Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
127.0.0.1/32       Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
127.255.255.255/32 Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
192.168.12.0/24    Direct  0   0           192.168.12.2    GE0/0
192.168.12.2/32    Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
192.168.12.255/32  Direct  0   0           192.168.12.2    GE0/0
192.168.23.0/24    Direct  0   0           192.168.23.2    GE0/1
192.168.23.2/32    Direct  0   0           127.0.0.1       InLoop0
192.168.23.255/32  Direct  0   0           192.168.23.2    GE0/1

发现SW2的路由表没有变化,而SW1的路由表中原本去往3.3.3.3、10.0.0.1、10.0.0.2和10.0.0.3的第二类外部路由已经被一条下一跳为ABR(SW2)默认路由取代:

0.0.0.0/0          O_INTER 10  2           192.168.12.2    GE0/0

该默认路由的类型为区域内路由(O_INTER)

在SW1上尝试ping 10.0.0.1:

<sw1>ping 10.0.0.1
Ping 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1): 56 data bytes, press CTRL+C to break
56 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=254 time=1.000 ms
56 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=254 time=0.000 ms
56 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=254 time=0.000 ms
56 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=254 time=0.000 ms
56 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=254 time=1.000 ms

可以ping通,至此实验完成。

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