1.practice examples
负结构变正结构
名词变动词(e.g. monitoring----monitor)
主语不要特别长(the fear that xxxxx)
少用被动语态
少用空话,写具体些
很长的词组有时候可以用简短的词代替(the result of----due to; in many instances----often)
主语和谓语不要相隔太远
2.a few grammar tips
(1)"data" 是复数形式
these data show an unusual trend
the data support the conclusion
the data are critical
单数形式为datum,只有在讨论一个数据点时才使用
(2)affect是动词(to influence),effect是名词(this influence)
affect也有名词形式,但在心理学之外很少使用,在心理学中指的是心理影响,是一种感觉、一种情绪、一种表达
effect也有动词形式,仅在特殊情况下使用e.g.to effect a change(带来了改变)
(3)compared to和compared with不一样
compare to=to point out similarities between different things
compared with=to point out differences between similar things(used more often in science)
(4)that 和 which
"that" is the restrictive(defining) pronoun
"which" is the nonrestrictive(non-defining) pronoun
the vial that contained her RNA was lost(可能有很多个瓶子,装RNA的丢了,但是装DNA的可能没丢,所以“装RNA的”这个限制很重要,不能删去)
the vial, which contained her RNA, was lost(只有一个瓶子,“装了RNA”不是必要的限制条件,是额外的信息,所以可以被放在逗号间,甚至可以删掉)
(5)singular antecedents(单数形式)
do not use "they" or "their" when the subject is singular
to avoid gender choice, turn to a plural(复数)
each student worries about their grade(×)
each student worries about her grade
better: all student worry their grades
3.writing in the science
注意整体结构,逐行修改
句子简练,紧扣主题,首尾呼应
一开始不要写太多细节,先高度概括(概述),具体细节可以放在后文中的某一段具体写
写具体些,比如不要用reseacher,直接写名字