1.1 编程的第一步就是搞清楚什么是编程(programming)
什么是编程呢? 编程这个术语意味着创建(或开发)软件,也称为程序。The term programming means to
create (or develop) software or program.
用基本术语来说,软件包含指令,告诉计算机或计算机化的设备(计算设备)做什么。In basic terms, software contains the instructions that tell a computer—or a computerized device—what to do.
summary:程序就是一系列的指令集,面向客户的使用需求所形成的商品或服务就是软件。
编写的目的就是告诉计算机需要做什么。
1.2 什么是计算机
计算机包括硬件和软件。一般来说,硬件由计算机可见的物理元素组成,而软件提供不可见的指令(instructions)来控制硬件并使其执行特定的任务。了解计算机硬件并不是学习编程语言的必要条件,但它可以帮助你更好地理解程序指令对计算机及其组件的影响。
1.2.0 硬件组件
(1)下列为硬件的主要组件:
■ A central processing unit (CPU)
■ Memory (main memory)
■ Storage devices (such as disks and CDs)
■ Input devices (such as the mouse and keyboard)
■ Output devices (such as monitors and printers)
■ Communication devices (such as modems and network interface cards)
(2)bus and motherboard
A computer’s components are interconnected by a subsystem called a bus. You can think of a bus as a sort of system of roads running among the computer’s components; data and power travel along the bus from one part of the computer to another. In personal computers,
计算机的各个部件是由一个叫做总线bus的子系统相互连接的。你可以把bus想象成一种道路系统,它在电脑的各个部件之间运行;数据和电力沿着总线从计算机的一部分传输到另一部分。the bus is built into the computer’s motherboard, which is a circuit case that connects all of the parts of a computer together.总线内建在计算机的主板,这是一个电路箱,连接计算机的所有部分在一起。