体验了Flutter的项目开发体验后,肯定会产生众多的困惑。我第一个想到的问题是,移动端宿主APP是如何将我们编写的Flutter代码整合进去的?
按平台来,本篇文章先来看看iOS项目如何集成Flutter代码的。
Pod
我们用Xcode打开iOS项目,主项目里面代码很少很简介。
我们第一个想到的肯定是用CocoaPod添加了一些依赖,接下来我们就来看看Podfile
这个依赖的配置文件。
Podfile
// 1 检查环境变量文件Generated.xcconfig
def flutter_root
generated_xcode_build_settings_path = File.expand_path(File.join('..', 'Flutter', 'Generated.xcconfig'), __FILE__)
unless File.exist?(generated_xcode_build_settings_path)
raise "#{generated_xcode_build_settings_path} must exist. If you're running pod install manually, make sure flutter pub get is executed first"
end
File.foreach(generated_xcode_build_settings_path) do |line|
matches = line.match(/FLUTTER_ROOT\=(.*)/)
return matches[1].strip if matches
end
raise "FLUTTER_ROOT not found in #{generated_xcode_build_settings_path}. Try deleting Generated.xcconfig, then run flutter pub get"
end
// 2 引入podhelper.rb
require File.expand_path(File.join('packages', 'flutter_tools', 'bin', 'podhelper'), flutter_root)
flutter_ios_podfile_setup
target 'Runner' do
use_frameworks!
use_modular_headers!
// 3 执行podhelper.rb 中的 flutter_install_all_ios_pods 方法
flutter_install_all_ios_pods File.dirname(File.realpath(__FILE__))
end
// 4 执行podhelper.rb 中的flutter_additional_ios_build_settings方法
post_install do |installer|
installer.pods_project.targets.each do |target|
flutter_additional_ios_build_settings(target)
end
end
1. 检查环境变量文件---Generated.xcconfig
先要确保在iOS项目中的Flutter文件夹下有Generated.xcconfig
这个文件,Generated.xcconfig
这个文件是定义了一些Flutter和Dart相关的变量,例如FLUTTER_ROOT
,FLUTTER_APPLICATION_PATH
,FLUTTER_TARGET
等,为后续的Pod依赖提供基础。
Generated.xcconfig
FLUTTER_ROOT= /Users/*/Documents/flutter
FLUTTER_APPLICATION_PATH=/Users/*/Documents/FlutterVideos/feibo_movie/feibo_movie
FLUTTER_TARGET=/Users/chongling.liu/Documents/FlutterVideos/feibo_movie/feibo_movie/lib/main.dart
FLUTTER_BUILD_DIR=build
SYMROOT=${SOURCE_ROOT}/../build/iOS
OTHER_LDFLAGS=$(inherited) -framework Flutter
FLUTTER_FRAMEWORK_DIR=/Users/*/Documents/flutter/bin/cache/artifacts/engine/iOS
FLUTTER_BUILD_NAME=1.0.0
FLUTTER_BUILD_NUMBER=1
DART_DEFINES=flutter.inspector.structuredErrors%3Dtrue
DART_OBFUSCATION=false
TRACK_WIDGET_CREATION=true
TREE_SHAKE_ICONS=false
PACKAGE_CONFIG=.packages
2. 引入podhelper.rb
文件
podhelper.rb
在FLUTTER_ROOT/packages/flutter_tools/bin
文件夹下,文件中定义了一些Pod相关方法。
3. 执行podhelper.rb
中的 flutter_install_all_ios_pods
方法
-
flutter_install_all_ios_pods
中调用了flutter_install_ios_engine_pod
和flutter_install_ios_plugin_pods
方法,这两个方法分别配置Flutter引擎和第三方库。
def flutter_install_all_ios_pods(ios_application_path = nil)
flutter_install_ios_engine_pod(ios_application_path)
flutter_install_ios_plugin_pods(ios_application_path)
end
-
flutter_install_ios_engine_pod
中主要是将Flutter引擎即Flutter.framework和Flutter.podspec这两个文件从FLUTTER_ROOT/bin/cache/artifacts/engine/ios
拷贝到iOS项目的Flutter文件夹下, 然后配置依赖
pod 'Flutter', :path => 'Flutter'
def flutter_install_ios_engine_pod(ios_application_path = nil)
//省略...
system('cp', '-r', File.expand_path('Flutter.framework', debug_framework_dir), copied_flutter_dir)
system('cp', File.expand_path('Flutter.podspec',debug_framework_dir), copied_flutter_dir)
pod 'Flutter', :path => 'Flutter'
end
-
flutter_install_ios_plugin_pods
是配置Flutter库依赖的第三方iOS库或者iOS文件的依赖的方法。
说起来有点绕,举个栗子。我们的FLutter代码中使用了sqflite
库,sqflite
在iOS中底层调用的的FMDB
这个库,所以需要配置FMDB的依赖。
def flutter_install_ios_plugin_pods(ios_application_path = nil)
plugins_file = File.join(ios_application_path, '..', '.flutter-plugins-dependencies')
plugin_pods = flutter_parse_plugins_file(plugins_file)
plugin_pods.each do |plugin_hash|
plugin_name = plugin_hash['name']
plugin_path = plugin_hash['path']
if (plugin_name && plugin_path)
symlink = File.join(symlink_plugins_dir, plugin_name)
File.symlink(plugin_path, symlink)
pod plugin_name, :path => File.join('.symlinks', 'plugins', plugin_name, 'iOS')
end
end
end
这个方法的流程是读取iOS文件同级目录下的.flutter-plugins-dependencies
文件, 读取plugins字段下的ios数组,对数组的每个元素配置依赖。
pod 'sqflite', :path => 'FLUTTER_ROOT/.pub-cache/hosted/pub.dartlang.org/sqflite-1.3.2+3/ios'
.flutter-plugins-dependencies
{
"plugins":{
...
"iOS":[
{
"name":"sqflite",
"path":"/Users/*/Documents/flutter/.pub-cache/hosted/pub.dartlang.org/sqflite-1.3.2+3/",
"dependencies":[
]
}
...
]
}
}
4. 执行podhelper.rb
中的flutter_additional_ios_build_settings
方法
这个就是将ENABLE_BITCODE设置为NO。
总结:
通过一系列的配置文件的读取,文件的拷贝等操作,Podfile会将flutter引擎和iOS的依赖库引入进来,最后的结果接近于:
target 'Runner' do
pod 'Flutter', :path => 'Flutter'
pod 'sqflite', :path => 'FLUTTER_ROOT/.pub-cache/hosted/pub.dartlang.org/sqflite-1.3.2+3/ios'
pod 'sqflite', :path => 'FLUTTER_ROOT/.pub-cache/hosted/pub.dartlang.org/shared_preferences-0.5.12+4/ios'
pod 'sqflite', :path => 'FLUTTER_ROOT/.pub-cache/hosted/pub.dartlang.org/fijkplayer-0.8.7/ios'
end
post_install do |installer|
installer.pods_project.build_configurations.each do |config|
config.build_settings['ENABLE_BITCODE'] = 'NO'
end
end
提示:FMDB并没有出现在Podfile文件中,是因为
sqflite
依赖于FMDB,所以会根据依赖的依赖安装FMDB。这是CocoaPod基础知识,iOS开发者应该很熟悉了,就不再这里说明了。
Plguin
APP项目的入口是AppDelegate,继承自Flutter.framework的FlutterAppDelegate。
@objc class AppDelegate: FlutterAppDelegate {
override func application(
_ application: UIApplication,
didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplication.LaunchOptionsKey: Any]?
) -> Bool {
GeneratedPluginRegistrant.register(with: self)
return super.application(application, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions: launchOptions)
}
}
1. 注册插件
AppDelegate在didFinishLaunchingWithOptions
里面执行了GeneratedPluginRegistrant.register(with: self)
一行代码。
GeneratedPluginRegistrant
+ (void)registerWithRegistry:(NSObject<FlutterPluginRegistry>*)registry {
[FijkPlugin registerWithRegistrar:[registry registrarForPlugin:@"FijkPlugin"]];
[FLTSharedPreferencesPlugin registerWithRegistrar:[registry registrarForPlugin:@"FLTSharedPreferencesPlugin"]];
[SqflitePlugin registerWithRegistrar:[registry registrarForPlugin:@"SqflitePlugin"]];
[FLTURLLauncherPlugin registerWithRegistrar:[registry registrarForPlugin:@"FLTURLLauncherPlugin"]];
}
GeneratedPluginRegistrant中的+ (void)registerWithRegistry:(NSObject<FlutterPluginRegistry>*)registry
方法实现是执行flutter pub get
的时候Flutter自动生成的,当然只有依赖与iOS原生进行交互的Flutter库才会注册插件。。
这个文件也可以手动去编辑,但是一般没有这个必要。
我们以SqflitePlugin为例介绍Plugin的注册流程。
SqflitePlugin
+ (void)registerWithRegistrar:(NSObject<FlutterPluginRegistrar>*)registrar {
FlutterMethodChannel* channel = [FlutterMethodChannel
methodChannelWithName:_channelName
binaryMessenger:[registrar messenger]];
SqflitePlugin* instance = [[SqflitePlugin alloc] init];
[registrar addMethodCallDelegate:instance channel:channel];
}
FlutterMethodChannel是一个通道,Flutter可以通过它向iOS宿主App调用方法,然后获取结果。
流程入下图:
上面这段代码代表的含义是:
- 建立一个名字为SqflitePlugin的FlutterMethodChannel
- 将这个channel注册到FLutterEngine中,这样flutter代码就可以通过FLutterEngine调用这个channel的
- (void)handleMethodCall:(FlutterMethodCall*)call result:(FlutterResult)result{}
方法。
FlutterEngine
- (void)addMethodCallDelegate:(NSObject<FlutterPlugin>*)delegate
channel:(FlutterMethodChannel*)channel {
[channel setMethodCallHandler:^(FlutterMethodCall* call, FlutterResult result) {
[delegate handleMethodCall:call result:result];
}];
}
2. Flutter端方法的定义和调用
sqflite插件的pubspec.yaml文件中定义了SqflitePlugin
这个名字,所以Flutter端的代码知道通过哪个MethodChannel向iOS代码发送消息。这个名字和iOS端是对应的。
pubspec.yaml
flutter:
plugin:
platforms:
android:
package: com.tekartik.sqflite
pluginClass: SqflitePlugin
iOS:
pluginClass: SqflitePlugin
macOS:
pluginClass: SqflitePlugin
sqflite定义了很多方法,譬如insert
方法。这些方法都是异步的,所以返回值需要用Future包裹。
Future<int> insert(String table, Map<String, dynamic> values,
{String nullColumnHack, ConflictAlgorithm conflictAlgorithm});
操作数据库的时候Flutter代码可以直接调用insert方法,这时候FlutterEngine就将参数传递给了iOS代码,等待一步返回。
2. iOS端方法处理并返回值
由于在AppDelegate中注册了对应的插件SqflitePlugin,然后FlutterEngine会调用- (void)handleMethodCall:(FlutterMethodCall*)call result:(FlutterResult)result{}
方法。
SqflitePlugin
- (void)handleMethodCall:(FlutterMethodCall*)call result:(FlutterResult)result {
FlutterResult wrappedResult = ^(id res) {
dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
result(res);
});
};
...
else if ([_methodInsert isEqualToString:call.method]) {
[self handleInsertCall:call result:wrappedResult];
}
...
else {
result(FlutterMethodNotImplemented);
}
}
// 执行插入操作
- (void)handleInsertCall:(FlutterMethodCall*)call result:(FlutterResult)result {
SqfliteDatabase* database = [self getDatabaseOrError:call result:result];
if (database == nil) {
return;
}
dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{
[database.fmDatabaseQueue inDatabase:^(FMDatabase *db) {
SqfliteMethodCallOperation* operation = [SqfliteMethodCallOperation newWithCall:call result:result];
[self insert:database fmdb:db operation:operation];
}];
});
}
FMDB执行完插入操作后,将结果封装到FlutterResult中,返回给Flutter。
FlutterAppDelegate
我们的AppDelegate主要的任务是执行了插件的注册。让Flutter代码可以方便的调用Native代码。
而AppDelegate是继承自FlutterAppDelegate,那FlutterAppDelegate又做了哪些工作呢?
FlutterAppDelegate在Flutter.framework中,由于是打包成了库,我们只能看到头文件,如果我们需要看源码,则需要进入Flutter Engine中去查看源代码。
FlutterAppDelegate
@implementation FlutterAppDelegate {
FlutterPluginAppLifeCycleDelegate* _lifeCycleDelegate;
}
// Returns the key window's rootViewController, if it's a FlutterViewController.
// Otherwise, returns nil.
- (FlutterViewController*)rootFlutterViewController {
if (_rootFlutterViewControllerGetter != nil) {
return _rootFlutterViewControllerGetter();
}
UIViewController* rootViewController = _window.rootViewController;
if ([rootViewController isKindOfClass:[FlutterViewController class]]) {
return (FlutterViewController*)rootViewController;
}
return nil;
}
#pragma mark - FlutterPluginRegistry methods. All delegating to the rootViewController
- (NSObject<FlutterPluginRegistrar>*)registrarForPlugin:(NSString*)pluginKey {
FlutterViewController* flutterRootViewController = [self rootFlutterViewController];
if (flutterRootViewController) {
return [[flutterRootViewController pluginRegistry] registrarForPlugin:pluginKey];
}
return nil;
}
- (BOOL)hasPlugin:(NSString*)pluginKey {
FlutterViewController* flutterRootViewController = [self rootFlutterViewController];
if (flutterRootViewController) {
return [[flutterRootViewController pluginRegistry] hasPlugin:pluginKey];
}
return false;
}
- (NSObject*)valuePublishedByPlugin:(NSString*)pluginKey {
FlutterViewController* flutterRootViewController = [self rootFlutterViewController];
if (flutterRootViewController) {
return [[flutterRootViewController pluginRegistry] valuePublishedByPlugin:pluginKey];
}
return nil;
}
重要代码解释如下:
FlutterAppDelegate有一个FlutterPluginAppLifeCycleDelegate类型的
_lifeCycleDelegate
属性,它的作用是分发App生命周期的改变。它的有一个重要的方法- (void)addDelegate:(NSObject<FlutterApplicationLifeCycleDelegate>*)delegate {}
, 就是谁想知道App的生命周期就加进来,它会在App的生命周期发生改变的时候一一通知大家。FlutterAppDelegate的根视图为一个FlutterViewController类型的对象
flutterRootViewController
。和Plugin相关的一系列代码,主要是将这些Plugin注册到
flutterRootViewController
的FlutterEngine对象上。
这也很好理解MethodChannel是如何在 AppDelegate中连接起来,因为
flutterRootViewController
加载的就是Flutter App编译的代码。
FlutterViewController
前面提到了FlutterAppDelegate的根视图是FlutterViewController。那这个FlutterViewController是如何去加载Flutter App的呢?
FlutterViewController
@implementation FlutterViewController {
std::unique_ptr<fml::WeakPtrFactory<FlutterViewController>> _weakFactory;
fml::scoped_nsobject<FlutterEngine> _engine;
fml::scoped_nsobject<FlutterView> _flutterView;
fml::scoped_nsobject<UIView> _splashScreenView;
}
FlutterViewController有几个重要的属性:
-
_engine
就是FlutterEngine,负责渲染交互等功能 -
_flutterView
是显示Flutter App的View -
_splashScreenView
是显示启动图的View
重点来了
FlutterViewController的各种构造函数最后都会调用
- (void)sharedSetupWithProject:(nullable FlutterDartProject*)project initialRoute:(nullable NSString*)initialRoute
FlutterViewController
- (void)sharedSetupWithProject:(nullable FlutterDartProject*)project
initialRoute:(nullable NSString*)initialRoute {
// Need the project to get settings for the view. Initializing it here means
if (!project) {
project = [[[FlutterDartProject alloc] init] autorelease];
}
auto engine = fml::scoped_nsobject<FlutterEngine>{[[FlutterEngine alloc]
initWithName:@"io.flutter"
project:project
allowHeadlessExecution:self.engineAllowHeadlessExecution
restorationEnabled:[self restorationIdentifier] != nil]};
_flutterView.reset([[FlutterView alloc] initWithDelegate:_engine opaque:self.isViewOpaque]);
[_engine.get() createShell:nil libraryURI:nil initialRoute:initialRoute];
[self loadDefaultSplashScreenView];
[self performCommonViewControllerInitialization];
}
- 生成一个FlutterDartProject对象
project
,这个对象主要是描述了Flutter APP的一些相关信息,最重要的一个是找到可执行文件。 - 根据这个
project
的设置信息生成一个FlutterEngine对象engine
。 - 生成一个FlutterView对象
_flutterView
来作为渲染的View。 -
_engine
找到Flutter APP的可执行文件的入口main.dart
开始执行,然后渲染到_flutterView
上。 - 看是否需要加载启动图
- 一些通用的初始化内容
FlutterDartProject
FlutterDartProject中通过FLTDefaultSettingsForBundle
方法可以生成一些通用设置。
flutter::Settings FLTDefaultSettingsForBundle(NSBundle* bundle) {
// Frameworks directory.
if (settings.application_library_path.size() == 0) {
NSString* applicationFrameworkPath = [mainBundle pathForResource:@"Frameworks/App.framework"
ofType:@""];
if (applicationFrameworkPath.length > 0) {
NSString* =
[NSBundle bundleWithPath:applicationFrameworkPath].executablePath;
if (executablePath.length > 0) {
settings.application_library_path.push_back(executablePath.UTF8String);
}executablePath
}
}
}
// Checks to see if the flutter assets directory is already present.
if (settings.assets_path.size() == 0) {
NSString* assetsName = [FlutterDartProject flutterAssetsName:bundle];
NSString* assetsPath = [bundle pathForResource:assetsName ofType:@""];
}
}
// Domain network configuration
NSDictionary* appTransportSecurity =
[mainBundle objectForInfoDictionaryKey:@"NSAppTransportSecurity"];
settings.may_insecurely_connect_to_all_domains =
[FlutterDartProject allowsArbitraryLoads:appTransportSecurity];
settings.domain_network_policy =
[FlutterDartProject domainNetworkPolicy:appTransportSecurity].UTF8String;
}
return settings;
}
这段代码主要做了以下一些事情:
- 如果不特殊指定的话,Flutter APP的执行文件是位于FLutter目录下的
App.framework
中那个命名为App的可执行文件,也就是说所有的Flutter代码都打包成了一个可执行文件。
- 指定了图片的路径
- 网络设置,是否允许HTTP请求。