day17操作系统正则符号篇

  • 系统通配符号

  • 系统正则符号

1.系统通配符号
* ---匹配所有内容

如：ls -l /oldboy/*.txt        --- 匹配以.txt结尾信息进行详细显示
    rm -rf  /oldboy/*          --- 删除oldboy目录中所有信息, 但是默认无法删除隐藏文件
    rm -f   /oldboy/.old*.txt  --- 删除以old开头 .txt结尾的所有隐藏文件

{ } --- 匹配序列信息
数字序列：

[root@oldboy63 ~]# echo {1..10}
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

字母序列：

[root@oldboy63 ~]# echo {a..j}
a b c d e f g h i j

组合序列：

[root@oldboy63 ~]# echo A{,2}
A A2
利用此组合序列可实现对路径较深目录快速备份与还原数据：
备份：cp /oldboy/oldboy01/oldboy02/oldboy03/oldboy04/oldboy.txt{,.bak}   ==  cp /oldboy/oldboy01/oldboy02/oldboy03/oldboy04/oldboy.txt  /oldboy/oldboy01/oldboy02/oldboy03/oldboy04/oldboy.txt.bak
还原：cp /oldboy/oldboy01/oldboy02/oldboy03/oldboy04/oldboy.txt{.bak,}  == cp /oldboy/oldboy01/oldboy02/oldboy03/oldboy04/oldboy.txt.bak  /oldboy/oldboy01/oldboy02/oldboy03/oldboy04/oldboy.txt

2.系统正则符号
通常与grep、sed、awk配合使用
基础正则：basic regular expression BRE
扩展正则: extended regular expression ERE
基础正则：
^ ：以什么开头的信息

[root@oldboy63 ~]# ll /etc/|grep "^d"
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root      101 Jul 13 15:27 abrt
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root      236 Jul 13 15:28 alternatives
drwxr-x---.  3 root root       43 Jul 13 15:28 audisp

$：以什么结尾的信息

[root@oldboy63 ~]# grep 'd$' /etc/selinux/config 
SELINUX=disabled
注意：如果结尾有空格信息，过滤是会出现异常
利用底行模式:set list 可以查看结尾空格信息
也可利用命令查看：cat -A /etc/selinux/config

\（不属于正则）：转义符号
1.将有特殊意义的符号还原本身符号意义

将以点结尾的信息过滤出来:
[root@oldboy63 ~]# grep "\.$" /etc/selinux/config 
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
#     enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
#     permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
#     disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
#     mls - Multi Level Security protection.

2.将没有意义的字符变为有意义字符
如：\r \n ---换行符
3.取消别名功能
^$：空行信息

grep -v "^$" /etc/selinux/config
-v  ---过滤

. ：匹配任意一个且只有一个字符

grep "^." /etc/selinux/config    --- 匹配任意一个以什么开头的字符
grep ".$" /etc/selinux/config    --- 匹配任意一个以什么结尾的字符
grep "." /etc/selinux/config     --- 匹配整个文件所有任意字符
匹配筛选文件信息：
1.会按照行进行匹配
2.会匹配信息贪婪特性
3.利用grep -o可以查看匹配信息的过程

*：匹配前一个字符连续出现0次或者多次

创建一个测试文件:
        创建测试文件:
I am oldboy teacher!
I teach linux.
I like badminton ball ,billiard ball and chinese chess!
my blog is http://oldboy.blog.51cto.com
our site is http://www.etiantian.org
my qq num is 49000448.
not 4900000448.
my god ,i am not oldbey,but OLDBOY!

[root@oldboy63 ~]# grep -o "4*" oldboy.txt 
4
44
4
44

.* ：匹配文件中所有信息

[root@oldboy63 ~]# grep ".*" oldboy.txt -o
I am oldboy teacher!11
I teach linux.
I like badminton ball ,billiard ball and chinese chess!
my blog is http://oldboy.blog.51cto.com
our site is http://www.etiantian.org
my qq num is 49000448.
not 4900000448.
my god ,i am not oldbey,but OLDBOY!

[]：匹配中括号中任意一个字符

[root@oldboy63 ~]# grep "[bac]" oldboy.txt 
I am oldboy teacher!11
I teach linux.
I like badminton ball ,billiard ball and chinese chess!
my blog is http://oldboy.blog.51cto.com
our site is http://www.etiantian.org
my god ,i am not oldbey,but OLDBOY!

grep "[a-z]" oldboy.txt     --- 过滤小写字母
grep "[A-Z]" oldboy.txt     --- 过滤大写字母
grep "[a-zA-Z]" oldboy.txt  --- 过滤所有字母
grep "[a-Z]" oldboy.txt     --- 过滤所有字母 
grep -i "[a-z]" oldboy.txt  --- grep忽略大小写进行过滤

[^] ：将指定字符信息，进行取反过滤

grep  "[^a-Z]" oldboy.txt

系统扩展正则（高级符号）
使用扩展符号时grep ——> egrep / grep -E
sed ——>sed -r
+ ：匹配前一个字符出现1次或者多次

[root@oldboy63 ~]# egrep "0+" oldboy.txt
my qq num is 49000448.
not 4900000448.
只会过滤出匹配符合条件的两行数据，其他不符合匹配条件的行不会显示

| ：匹配多个字符串信息

egrep "oldboy|oldbey" oldboy.txt
当配置文件有注释有空行，如何进行取消
grep -vE "^$|^#" /etc/services

() ： 将多个字符信息进行整合过滤

第一个作用：
[root@oldboy63 ~]# egrep "(old)" oldboy.txt 
I am oldboy teacher!11
my blog is http://oldboy.blog.51cto.com
my god ,i am not oldbey,but OLDBOY!
第二个作用：配合sed命令使用时，可以实现后项引用前项
[root@oldboy63 ~]# echo "123456"|sed -r 's#([0-9]+)#<\1>#g'
<123456>
[root@oldboy63 ~]# echo "1234567890"|sed -r 's#([0-9])#<\1>#g'
<1><2><3><4><5><6><7><8><9><0>
[root@oldboy63 ~]# echo "789"|sed -r 's#(.)(.)(.)#<\1><\2><\3>#g'
<7><8><9>
注意：后项引用前项只能引用1-9个小括号

批量创建用户：
[root@oldboyedu oldboy]# seq -w 10|sed -r 's#(.*)#useradd oldboy\1;echo 123456|passwd --stdin oldboy\1#g'
        useradd oldboy01;echo 123456|passwd --stdin oldboy01
        useradd oldboy02;echo 123456|passwd --stdin oldboy02
        useradd oldboy03;echo 123456|passwd --stdin oldboy03
        useradd oldboy04;echo 123456|passwd --stdin oldboy04
        useradd oldboy05;echo 123456|passwd --stdin oldboy05
        useradd oldboy06;echo 123456|passwd --stdin oldboy06
        useradd oldboy07;echo 123456|passwd --stdin oldboy07
        useradd oldboy08;echo 123456|passwd --stdin oldboy08
        useradd oldboy09;echo 123456|passwd --stdin oldboy09
        useradd oldboy10;echo 123456|passwd --stdin oldboy10
[root@oldboyedu oldboy]# seq -w 10|sed -r 's#(.*)#useradd oldboy\1;echo 123456|passwd --stdin oldboy\1#g'|bash
        Changing password for user oldboy01.
        passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
        Changing password for user oldboy02.
        passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
        Changing password for user oldboy03.
        passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
        Changing password for user oldboy04.
        passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
        Changing password for user oldboy05.
        passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
        Changing password for user oldboy06.
        passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
        Changing password for user oldboy07.
        passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
        Changing password for user oldboy08.
        passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
        Changing password for user oldboy09.
        passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
        Changing password for user oldboy10.
        passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

{ } ：匹配前一个字符连续出现指定的次数

{n,m}:匹配前一个字符连续出现至少n次 最多m次
[root@oldboy63 ~]# grep -E "0{2,4}" oldboy.txt 
my qq num is 49000448.
not 4900000448.

[root@oldboy63 ~]# grep -E "0{1,3}" oldboy.txt -o
000
000
00

{n,} ：匹配前一个字符连续出现最少n次，最多不限
{,m}：匹配前一个字符连续出现最少0次，最多m次
[root@oldboy63 ~]# grep -E "0{3,}" oldboy.txt -o
000
00000
grep -E "0{,3}" oldboy.txt
I am oldboy teacher!11
I teach linux.
I like badminton ball ,billiard ball and chinese chess!
my blog is http://oldboy.blog.51cto.com
our site is http://www.etiantian.org
my qq num is 49000448.
not 4900000448.
my god ,i am not oldbey,but OLDBOY!

?：匹配前一个字符连续出现0次或者1次

[root@oldboyedu oldboy]# egrep "o*" test02.txt 
          gd
          god
          good
          goood
          gooood
[root@oldboyedu oldboy]# egrep "o+" test02.txt 
          god
          good
          goood
          gooood
[root@oldboyedu oldboy]# egrep "o?" test02.txt 
          gd
          god
          good
          goood
          gooood
[root@oldboyedu oldboy]# egrep "o?" test02.txt -o
          o
          o
          o
          o
          o
          o
          o
          o
          o
          o
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