在学习区块链技术和投资区块链资产过程中，会遇到很多的专业术语，例如：挖矿、共识、确认、软分叉、硬分叉、钱包等等。

《精通比特币》第二版中提供了更为详细的比特币术语解释，比特币作为区块链的1.0版本，其术语解释可应用到整个区块链领域，具体如下。

• 地址（address）

A bitcoin address looks like 1DSrfJdB2AnWaFNgSbv3MZC2m74996JafV . It consists of a string of letters and numbers. It’s really an encoded base58check version of a public key 160-bit hash. Just like you ask others to send an email to your email address, you would ask others to send you bitcoin to one of your bitcoin addresses.

比特币地址（例如：1DSrfJdB2AnWaFNgSbv3MZC2m74996JafV）由一串字符和数字组成。它其实是通过对160位二进制公钥哈希值进行base58check编码后的信息。就像别人向你的email地址发送电子邮件一样，他可以通过你的比特币地址向你发送比特币。

比特币地址类似于银行卡账号，是可以公开的，通过比特币地址进行比特币资产的充值和提现。例如：在交易平台购买比特币，购买的比特币将充值到交易平台给你分配的比特币地址，之后你可以将比特币资产从交易平台提现到你的比特币钱包的比特币地址。

• BIP（Bitcoin Improvement Proposals）

Bitcoin Improvement Proposals. A set of proposals that members of the bitcoin community have submitted to improve bitcoin. For example, BIP-21 is a proposal to improve the bitcoin uniform resource identifier (URI) scheme.

比特币改进提议 （Bitcoin Improvement Proposals的缩写），指比特币社区成员所提交的一系列改进比特币的提议。例如，BIP0021是一项改进比特币统一资源标识符（URI）计划的提议。

• 比特币（bitcoin）

The name of the currency unit (the coin), the network, and the software.

比特币既可以指这种虚拟货币单位，也指比特币网络或者网络节点使用的比特币软件。

• 区块（block）

A grouping of transactions, marked with a timestamp, and a fingerprint of the previous block. The block header is hashed to produce a proof of work, thereby validating the transactions. Valid blocks are added to the main blockchain by network consensus.

一个区块就是若干交易数据的集合，它会被标记上时间戳和之前一个区块的独特标记。区块头经过哈希运算后会生成一份工作量证明，从而验证区块中的交易。有效的区块经过全网络的共识后会被追加到主区块链中。

• 区块链（blockchain）

A list of validated blocks, each linking to its predecessor all the way to the genesis block.

区块链是一串通过验证的区块，当中的每一个区块都与上一个相连，一直连到创世区块。

• 拜占庭将军问题（Byzantine Generals Problem）

A reliable computer system must be able to cope with the failure of one or more of its components. A failed component may exhibit a type of behavior that is often overlooked—namely, sending conflicting information to different parts of the system. The problem of coping with this type of failure is expressed abstractly as the Byzantine Generals Problem.

一个可靠的计算机系统必须能够处理一个或多个组件产生的失败。一个失败的组件可能表现出通常被忽略的行为类型，即发送矛盾的信息到系统的不同部分。处理这类失败类型的问题抽象地被表达为拜占庭将军问题。

• coinbase

A special field used as the sole input for coinbase transactions. The coinbase allows claiming the block reward and provides up to 100 bytes for arbitrary data. Not to be confused with Coinbase transaction.

一个用于为创币交易提供专门输入的特殊字段。coinbase允许声明区块奖励，并为任意数据提供多达100字节。不要与创币交易混淆。

• Coinbase交易（coinbase transaction）

The first transaction in a block. Always created by a miner, it includes a single coinbase. Not to be confused with Coinbase.

区块中的第一个交易。该交易是由矿工创建的，它包含单个coinbase。不要与Coinbase混淆。

• 冷存储（cold storage）

Refers to keeping a reserve of bitcoin offline. Cold storage is achieved when Bitcoin private keys are created and stored in a secure offline environment. Cold storage is important for anyone with bitcoin holdings. Online computers are vulnerable to hackers and should not be used to store a significant amount of bitcoin.

该术语指的是离线保存比特币。当比特币的私钥被创建，同时将该私钥存储在安全的离线环境时，就实现了冷存储。冷存储对于任何比特币持有者来说是重要的。在线计算机在黑客面前是脆弱的，不应该被用于存储大量的比特币。

• 染色币（colored coins）

An open source Bitcoin 2.0 protocol that enables developers to create digital assets on top of bitcoin blockchain utilizing its functionalities beyond currency.

比特币2.0开源协议允许开发者在比特币区块链之上，利用它的超越货币的功能创建数字资产。

• 确认（confirmations）

当一项交易被区块收录时，我们可以说它有一次确认。矿工们在此区块之后每再产生一个区块，此项交易的确认数就再加一。当确认数达到6及以上时，通常认为这笔交易比较安全并难以逆转。

• 共识（consensus）

When several nodes, usually most nodes on the network, all have the same blocks in their locally-validated best block chain. Not to be confused with consensus rules.

当网络中的许多节点，通常是大部分节点，都拥有相同的本地验证的最长区块时，称为共识。不要与共识规则混淆。

• 共识规则（consensus rules）

The block validation rules that full nodes follow to stay in consensus with other nodes. Not to be confused with consensus.

节点与其他节点保持共识的区块验证规则。不要与共识混淆。

• 难度（difficulty）

A network-wide setting that controls how much computation is required to produce a proof of work.

整个网络会通过调整“难度”这个变量来控制生成工作量证明所需要的计算力。

• 难度调整（difficulty retargeting）

A network-wide recalculation of the difficulty that occurs once every 2,016 blocks and considers the hashing power of the previous 2,016 blocks.

全网中每新增2016个区块，全网难度将重新计算，该新难度值将依据前2016个区块的哈希算力而定。

• 难度目标（difficulty target）

A difficulty at which all the computation in the network will find blocks approximately every 10 minutes.

使整个网络的计算力大致每10分钟产生一个区块所需要的难度数值即为难度目标。

• 双重支付（double spending）

Double spending is the result of successfully spending some money more than once. Bitcoin protects against double spending by verifying each transaction added to the block chain to ensure that the inputs for the transaction had not previously already been spent.

双重支付是成功支付了1次以上的情况。比特币通过对添加到区块中的每笔交易进行验证来防止双重支付，确保交易的输入没有被支付过。

• ECDSA

Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm or ECDSA is a cryptographic algorithm used by Bitcoin to ensure that funds can only be spent by their rightful owners.

椭圆曲线数字签名算法（ECDSA）是比特币使用的加密算法，以确保资金只能被其正确拥有者支付。

• 超额随机数（extra nonce）

As difficulty increased, miners often cycled through all 4 billion values of the nonce without finding a block. Because the coinbase script can store between 2 and 100 bytes of data, miners started using that space as extra nonce space, allowing them to explore a much larger range of block header values to find valid blocks.

随着难度增加，矿工通常在循环遍历4亿次随机数值后仍未找到区块。因为coinbase脚本可以存储2到100字节的数据，矿工开始使用这个存储空间作为超额nonce空间，允许他们利用一个更大范围的区块头哈希值来寻找有效的区块。

• 矿工费（fees）

The sender of a transaction often includes a fee to the network for processing the requested transaction. Most transactions require a minimum fee of 0.5 mBTC.

交易的发起者通常会向网络缴纳一笔矿工费，用以处理这笔交易。大多数的交易需要0.5毫比特币的矿工费。

• 分叉（fork）

Fork, also known as accidental fork, occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height, forking the block chain. Typically occurs when two or more miners find blocks at nearly the same time. Can also happen as part of an attack.

分叉也被称为意外分叉，是在两个或多个区块拥有同一区块高度时发生的，此时使区块链产生了分叉。典型情况是两个或多个区块矿工几乎在同一时刻发现了区块。共识攻击的情况下也会出现分叉。

• 创世块（genesis block）

The first block in the blockchain, used to initialize the cryptocurrency.

创世区块指区块链上的第一个区块，用来初始化相应的加密货币。

• 硬分叉（hard fork）

Hard fork, also known as Hard-Forking Change, is a permanent divergence in the blockchain, commonly occurs when non-upgraded nodes can’t validate blocks created by upgraded nodes that follow newer consensus rules. Not to be confused with fork, soft fork, software fork or Git fork.

硬分叉，也叫硬分叉改变，是区块链中一个永久分歧。通常在已按照新的共识规则进行了版本升级的节点产生了新区块时，那些未升级节点无法验证这些新区块时产生硬分叉。不要与分叉、软分叉或者Git分叉混淆。

• 硬件钱包（hardware wallet）

A hardware wallet is a special type of bitcoin wallet which stores the user’s private keys in a secure hardware device.

硬件钱包是一种特殊的比特币钱包，硬件钱包可以将用户的私钥存储在安全的硬件设备中。

• 哈希（hash）

A digital fingerprint of some binary input.

二进制输入数据的一种数字指纹。

• 哈希锁（hashlocks）

A hashlock is a type of encumbrance that restricts the spending of an output until a specified piece of data is publicly revealed. Hashlocks have the useful property that once any hashlock is opened publicly, any other hashlock secured using the same key can also be opened. This makes it possible to create multiple outputs that are all encumbered by the same hashlock and which all become spendable at the same time.

哈希锁是限制一个输出花费的限制对象，其作用一直持续到指定数据片段公开透露。哈希锁有一个有用的属性，那就是一旦任意一个哈希锁被公开打开，其他任何安全使用相同密钥的哈希锁也可以被打开。这使得可能创建多个被同意哈希锁限制的输出，这些支出将在同一时间被花费。

• HD协议（HD protocol）

The Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) key creation and transfer protocol (BIP32), which allows creating child keys from parent keys in a hierarchy.

层级确定性（HD）密钥创建和传输协议（BIP32），该协议允许按层级方式从父密钥创建子密钥。

• HD钱包（HD wallet）

Wallets using the Hierarchical Deterministic (HD Protocol) key creation and transfer protocol (BIP32).

使用创建层次确定的钥匙和BIP32传输协议的钱包。

• HD钱包种子（HD wallet seed）

HD wallet seed or root seed is a potentially-short value used as a seed to generate the master private key and master chain code for an HD wallet.

HD钱包种子或根种子是一个用于为HD钱包生成主私钥和主链码所需种子的潜在简短数值。

• 哈希时间锁定合约（HTLC）

A Hashed TimeLock Contract or HTLC is a class of payments that use hashlocks and timelocks to require that the receiver of a payment either acknowledge receiving the payment prior to a deadline by generating cryptographic proof of payment or forfeit the ability to claim the payment, returning it to the payer.

哈希时间锁定合约（HTLC）是一类支付方式，其使用哈希锁和时间锁来锁定交易。解锁需要接收方提供通过加密支付证明承认在截止日期之前收到了支付，或者接收方丧失了认领支付的能力，此时支付金额将返回给支付方。

• KYC

Know your customer (KYC) is the process of a business, identifying and verifying the identity of its clients. The term is also used to refer to the bank regulation which governs these activities.

充分了解你的账户（KYC，Know your customer）是一个商业过程，用于认证和验证顾客的身份信息。也指银行对这些活动的监管。

• LevelDB

LevelDB is an open source on-disk key-value store. LevelDB is a light-weight, single-purpose library for persistence with bindings to many platforms.

LevelDB是一个开源的硬盘键值对数据库。LevelDB是一个用于持久性绑定多个平台的轻量级、单用途的库。

• 闪电网络（Lightning Networks）

Lightning Network is a proposed implementation of Hashed Timelock Contracts (HTLCs) with bi-directional payment channels which allows payments to be securely routed across multiple peer-to-peer payment channels. This allows the formation of a network where any peer on the network can pay any other peer even if they don’t directly have a channel open between each other.

闪电网络是哈希时间锁定合约（HTLCs）的一种建议实现方式。闪电网络通过双向支付通道方式允许支付方通过多个点对点支付通道安全地完成支付。这将允许一种支付网络的构建，该网络中的一方可以支付给其他任何一方，即使在他们双方没有直接建立支付通道的情况。

• 锁定时间（Locktime）

Locktime, or more technically nLockTime, is the part of a transaction which indicates the earliest time or earliest block when that transaction may be added to the block chain.

锁定时间（技术上来说是nLockTime）是交易的一部分，其表明该交易被添加至区块链中的最早时间或区块。

• 内存池（mempool）

The bitcoin Mempool (memory pool) is a collection of all transaction data in a block that have been verified by bitcoin nodes, but are not yet confirmed.

比特币内存池是区块中所有交易数据的集合，这些交易已经被比特币节点验证，但为被确认。

• 默克尔根（merkle root）

The root node of a merkle tree, a descendant of all the hashed pairs in the tree. Block headers must include a valid merkle root descended from all transactions in that block.

默克尔树的根是树的根节点，该节点为树中所有节点对的多次哈希计算结果。区块头必须包括区块中所有交易哈希计算得到的有效默克尔根。

• 默克尔树（merkle tree）

A tree constructed by hashing paired data (the leaves), then pairing and hashing the results until a single hash remains, the merkle root. In Bitcoin, the leaves are almost always transactions from a single block.

生成一棵完整的Merkle树需要递归地对哈希节点对进行哈希，并将新生成的哈希节点插入到Merkle 树中，直到只剩一个哈希节点，该节点就是Merkle 树的根。在比特币中，叶子节点来自于单个区块中的交易。

• 矿工（miner）

A network node that finds valid proof of work for new blocks, by repeated hashing.

一个为新区块通过重复哈希计算来寻找有效工作量证明的网络节点。

• 多重签名（multisignature）

Multisignature (multisig) refers to requiring more than one key to authorize a bitcoin transaction.

多重签名指的是需要多于一个密钥来验证一个比特币交易。

• 网络（network）

A peer-to-peer network that propagates transactions and blocks to every bitcoin node on the network.

传播交易和区块至网络中每个比特币节点的点对点网络。

• 随机数（nonce）

The “nonce” in a bitcoin block is a 32-bit (4-byte) field whose value is set so that the hash of the block will contain a run of leading zeros. The rest of the fields may not be changed, as they have a defined meaning.

随机数是比特币区块中一个32位（4字节）的字段，在设定了该值后，才能计算区块的哈希值，其哈希值是以多个0开头的。区块中的其他字段值是不变的，因为他们有确定的含义。

• 离线交易（off-chain transactions）

An off-chain transaction is the movement of value outside of the block chain. While an on-chain transaction—usually referred to as simply a transaction—modifies the blockchain and depends on the blockchain to determine its validity an off-chain transaction relies on other methods to record and validate the transaction.

离线交易是区块链外的价值转移。当在链交易（通常简单来说就是一个交易）修改区块链并依赖区块来决定它的有效性时，离线交易则依赖其他方法来来记录和验证该交易。

• 操作码（opcode）

Operation codes from the Bitcoin Script language which push data or perform functions within a pubkey script or signature script.

操作码来源于比特币脚本语言，通过操作码可以在公钥脚本或签名脚本中实现压入数据或执行函数的操作。

• 开放资产协议（Open Assets protocol）

The Open Assets Protocol is a simple and powerful protocol built on top of the bitcoin blockchain. It allows issuance and transfer of user-created assets. The Open Assets protocol is an evolution of the concept of colored coins.

开放资产协议是一个建立在比特币区块链纸上简单有效的协议。它允许用户创建资产的发行和传输。开放资产协议是染色币概念的一个进化。

• OP_RETURN

An opcode used in one of the outputs in an OP_RETURN transaction. Not to be confused with OP_RETURN transaction.

一个用在OP_RETURN交易中的一种输出操作码。不要与OP_RETURN交易混淆。

• OP_RETURN交易

A transaction type relayed and mined by default in Bitcoin Core 0.9.0 and later that adds arbitrary data to a provably unspendable pubkey script that full nodes don’t have to store in their UTXO database. Not to be confused with OP_RETURN opcode.

OP_RETURN在比特币核心0.9.0中默认的一种被传播和挖出的交易类型，在随后的版本中添加任意数据至可证明的未花费公钥脚本中，全节点中无需将该脚本存储至他们的UTXO数据库中。不要与OP_RETURN操作码混淆。

• 孤块（orphan block）

Blocks whose parent block has not been processed by the local node, so they can’t be fully validated yet.

孤块由于父区块未被本地节点处理的区块，所以他们还不能被完全验证。

• 孤立交易（orphan transactions）

Transactions that can’t go into the pool due to one or more missing input transactions.

孤立交易是指那些因为缺少一个或多个输入交易而无法进入交易池的交易。

• 交易输出（output）

Output, transaction output, or TxOut is an output in a transaction which contains two fields: a value field for transferring zero or more satoshis and a pubkey script for indicating what conditions must be fulfilled for those satoshis to be further spent.

交易输出（TxOut）是交易中的输出，交易输出中包含两个字段：1.输出值字段：用于传输0或更多聪；2.公钥脚本：用于确定这些聪需在满足什么条件的情况下才可花费。

• P2PKH

Transactions that pay a bitcoin address contain P2PKH or Pay To PubKey Hash scripts. An output locked by a P2PKH script can be unlocked (spent) by presenting a public key and a digital signature created by the corresponding private key.

支付到比特币地址的交易包含支付公钥哈希脚本（P2PKH）。由P2PKH脚本锁定的交易输出可以通过给出由相应私钥创建的公钥和数字签名来解锁（消费）。

• P2SH

P2SH or Pay-to-Script-Hash is a powerful new type of transaction that greatly simplifies the use of complex transaction scripts. With P2SH the complex script that details the conditions for spending the output (redeem script) is not presented in the locking script. Instead, only a hash of it is in the locking script.

P2SH是一种强大的、新型的、且能大大简化复杂交易脚本的交易类型而引入。通过使用P2SH，详细描述花费输出条件的复杂脚本（赎回脚本）将不会出现在锁定脚本中。相反，只有赎回脚本哈希包含在锁定脚本中。

• P2SH地址（P2SH address）

P2SH addresses are Base58Check encodings of the 20-byte hash of a script, P2SH addresses use the version prefix “5”, which results in Base58Check-encoded addresses that start with a “3”. P2SH addresses hide all of the complexity, so that the person making a payment does not see the script.

P2SH地址是基于Base58 编码的一个含有20 个字节哈希的脚本。P2SH地址采用“5”前缀。这导致基于Base58 编码的地址以“3”开头。P2SH 地址隐藏了所有的复杂性，因此，运用其进行支付的人将不会看到脚本。

• P2WPKH

The signature of a P2WPKH (Pay-to-Witness-Public-Key-Hash) contains the same information as a P2PKH spending, but is located in the witness field instead of the scriptSig field. The scriptPubKey is also modified.

P2WPKH签名包含了与P2PKH花费相同的信息。但是签名信息放置于见证字段，而不是签名脚本字段中。公钥脚本也被修改了。

• P2WSH

The difference between P2SH and P2WSH (Pay-to-Witness-Script-Hash) is about the cryptographic proof location change from the scriptSig field to the witness field and the scriptPubKey that is also modified.

P2WSH与P2SH的不同之处在于加密证据存放位置从脚本签名字段转变至见证字段，公钥脚本字段也被改变。

• 纸钱包（paper wallet）

In the most specific sense, a paper wallet is a document containing all of the data necessary to generate any number of Bitcoin private keys, forming a wallet of keys. However, people often use the term to mean any way of storing bitcoin offline as a physical document. This second definition also includes paper keys and redeemable codes.

在大多数特定含义下，纸钱包是一个包含所有必要数据的文件，这些数据用于生成比特币私钥，形成密钥钱包。然而，人们通常使用该术语来表达以物理文件形式离线存储比特币的方式。第二个定义也包括纸密钥和可赎回编码。

• 支付通道（payment channels）

A micropayment channel or payment channel is class of techniques designed to allow users to make multiple bitcoin transactions without committing all of the transactions to the bitcoin blockchain. In a typical payment channel, only two transactions are added to the block chain but an unlimited or nearly unlimited number of payments can be made between the participants.

微支付通道和支付通道是 设计用于允许用户生成多个比特币交易，且无需提交所有交易至比特币区块链中。在一个典型的支付通道中，只有两个交易被添加至区块链中，但参与双方可以生成无限制或接近无限制数量的支付。

• 矿池（pooled mining）

Pooled mining is a mining approach where multiple generating clients contribute to the generation of a block, and then split the block reward according the contributed processing power.

矿池一种挖矿方式，在矿池中多个客户端共同贡献算力来产生区块，然后根据贡献算力大小来分配区块奖励。

• 权益证明（Proof-of-Stake）

Proof-of-Stake (PoS) is a method by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network aims to achieve distributed consensus. Proof-of-Stake asks users to prove ownership of a certain amount of currency (their “stake” in the currency).

权益证明（POS）是一种方法，加密货币区块链网络获得分发共识。POS会让用户证明其拥有的资产总量(他们在数字货币中的权益)。

• 工作量证明（Proof-of-Work）

A piece of data that requires significant computation to find. In bitcoin, miners must find a numeric solution to the SHA256 algorithm that meets a network-wide target, the difficulty target.

工作量证明指通过有效计算得到的一小块数据。具体到比特币，矿工必须要在满足全网目标难度的情况下求解SHA256算法。

• 奖励（reward）

An amount included in each new block as a reward by the network to the miner who found the Proof-of-Work solution. It is currently 12.5 BTC per block.

每一个新区块中都有一定量新创造的比特币用来奖励算出工作量证明的矿工。现阶段每一区块有12.5比特币的奖励。

• RIPEMD-160

RIPEMD-160 is a 160-bit cryptographic hash function. RIPEMD-160 is a strengthened version of RIPEMD with a 160-bit hash result, and is expected to be secure for the next ten years or more.

RIPEMD-160是一个160位的加密哈希函数。RIPEMD-160是RIPEMD的加强版，其哈希计算后的结果是160位哈希值。通过RIPEMD-160加密期望能实现在未来的10年或更长时间都是安全的。

• 聪（satoshi）

A satoshi is the smallest denomination of bitcoin that can be recorded on the blockchain. It is the equivalent of 0.00000001 bitcoin and is named after the creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto.

聪是可记录到区块链上中比特币的最小面额，一聪等于0.00000001比特币，以比特币的发明者中本聪的名字命名。

• 中本聪（Satoshi Nakamoto）

Satoshi Nakamoto is the name used by the person or people who designed Bitcoin and created its original reference implementation, Bitcoin Core. As a part of the implementation, they also devised the first blockchain database. In the process they were the first to solve the double spending problem for digital currency. Their real identity remains unknown.

中本聪有可能是一个人或一群人的名字。中本聪是比特币的设计者，同时也创建了比特币的最初实现，比特币核心。作为实现的一部分，他们还发明了第一个区块链数据库。在这个过程中，他们是第一个为数字货币解决了双花问题的人或组织。但他们的真实身份仍然未知。

• 脚本（Script）

Bitcoin uses a scripting system for transactions. Forth-like, Script is simple, stack-based, and processed from left to right. It is purposefully not Turing-complete, with no loops.

比特币使用脚本系统来处理交易。脚本有着类Forth语言、简单、基于堆栈以及从左向右处理的特点。脚本故意限定为非图灵完备的，没有循环计算功能。

• 锁定脚本 (ScriptPubKey：aka pubkey script)

ScriptPubKey or pubkey script, is a script included in outputs which sets the conditions that must be fulfilled for those satoshis to be spent. Data for fulfilling the conditions can be rovided in a signature script.

脚本公钥或者公钥脚本是包含在交易输出中的脚本。该脚本设置了比特币花费需满足的条件。满足条件的数据可以由签名脚本提供。

• 解锁脚本 (ScriptSig：aka signature script)

ScriptSig or signature script, is the data generated by a spender which is almost always used as variables to satisfy a pubkey script.

签名脚本是有支付端生成的数据，该数据几乎总是被用作满足公钥脚本的变量。

• 秘钥 (私钥)（secret key ：aka private key）

The secret number that unlocks bitcoin sent to the corresponding address. A secret key looks like the following:
5J76sF8L5jTtzE96r66Sf8cka9y44wdpJjMwCxR3tzLh3ibVPxh

用来解锁对应（钱包）地址的一串字符，例如5J76sF8L5jTtzE96r66Sf8cka9y44wdpJjMwCxR3tzLh3ibVPxh+。

• 隔离见证（Segregated Witness）

Segregated Witness is a proposed upgrade to the Bitcoin protocol which technological innovation separates signature data from bitcoin transactions. Segregated Witness is a proposed soft fork; a change that technically makes Bitcoin’s protocol rules more restrictive.

隔离见证是比特币协议的一个升级建议，该建议技术创新性地将签名数据从比特币交易中分离出来。隔离见证是一个推荐的软分叉方案；该变化将从技术上使得比特币协议规则更严谨。

• SHA

The Secure Hash Algorithm or SHA is a family of cryptographic hash functions published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

安全哈希是有NIST（国家标准技术研究所）发布的加密哈希函数族。

• 软分叉（soft fork）

soft fork or Soft-Forking Change is a temporary fork in the blockchain which commonly occurs when miners using non-upgraded nodes don’t follow a new consensus rule their nodes don’t know about. Not to be confused with fork, hard fork, software fork or Git fork.

软分叉是区块链中的一个短暂分叉，通常是由于矿工在不知道新共识规则的情况下，未对其使用节点进行升级而产生的。不要与分叉、硬分叉、软分叉或者Git分叉混淆。

• 简化支付验证（SPV：simplified payment verification）

SPV or simplified payment verification is a method for verifying particular transactions were included in a block without downloading the entire block. The method is used by some lightweight Bitcoin clients.

简化支付验证是在无需下载所有区块的情况对特定交易进行验证的方法。该方法被用在一些比特币轻量级客户端中。

• 旧块（stale block）

Block which were successfully mined but which isn’t included on the current best block chain, likely because some other block at the same height had its chain extended first.

旧块是那些被成功挖出，但是没有包含在当前主链上的区块，很有可能是同一高度的其他区块优先扩展了区块链长度导致的。

• 时间锁（timelocks）

A timelock is a type of encumbrance that restricts the spending of some bitcoin until a specified future time or block height. Timelocks feature prominently in many Bitcoin contracts, including payment channels and hashed timelock contracts.

时间锁是一种阻碍类型，用于严格控制一些比特币只能在将来某个特定时间和区块才能被支出。时间锁在很多比特币合约中起到了显著的作用，包括支付通道和哈希时间锁合约。

• 交易（transaction）

In simple terms, a transfer of bitcoin from one address to another. More precisely, a transaction is a signed data structure expressing a transfer of value. Transactions are transmitted over the bitcoin network, collected by miners, and included into blocks, made permanent on the blockchain.

简单地说，交易指把比特币从一个地址转到另一个地址。更准确地说，一笔“交易”指一个经过签名运算的，表达价值转移的数据结构。每一笔“交易”都经过比特币网络传输，由矿工节点收集并打包至区块中，永久保存在区块链某处。

• 交易池（transaction pool）

An unordered collection of transactions that are not in blocks in the main chain, but for which we have input transactions.

一个无序的交易集合，该集合未在主链的区块中，但其有输入交易。

• 图灵完备（Turing completeness）

A program language is called “Turing complete,” if that it can run any program
that a Turing machine can run given enough time and memory.

在给定足够时间与内存的情况下，如果一个编程语言开发的程序能运行在图灵机上，该编程语言就被称为“图灵完备”的编程语言，

• 未花费交易输出（UTXO：unspent transaction output）

UTXO is an unspent transaction output that can be spent as an input in a new transaction.

UTXO是未花费交易输出，UTXO可以作为新交易的输入。

• 钱包（wallet）

Software that holds all your bitcoin addresses and secret keys. Use it to send, receive, and store your bitcoin.

钱包指保存比特币地址和私钥的软件，可以用它来接受、发送、储存你的比特币。

• 钱包导入格式（WIF：Wallet Import Format）

WIF or Wallet Import Format is a data interchange format designed to allow exporting and importing a single private key with a flag indicating whether or not it uses a compressed public key.

钱包导入格式是一个数据交换格式，设计用于允许导出和导入单个私钥，该私钥通过标志标明是否使用压缩公钥。