Grand Central Dispatch (GCD)是Apple开发的一个多核编程的解决方法。
dispatch queue分成以下三种：
- 运行在主线程的
Main queue，通过dispatch_get_main_queue获取,dispatch_get_main_queue也是一种dispatch_queue_t。
/*!
* @function dispatch_get_main_queue
*
* @abstract
* Returns the default queue that is bound to the main thread.
*
* @discussion
* In order to invoke blocks submitted to the main queue, the application must
* call dispatch_main(), NSApplicationMain(), or use a CFRunLoop on the main
* thread.
*
* @result
* Returns the main queue. This queue is created automatically on behalf of
* the main thread before main() is called.
*/
DISPATCH_INLINE DISPATCH_ALWAYS_INLINE DISPATCH_CONST DISPATCH_NOTHROW
dispatch_queue_t
dispatch_get_main_queue(void)
{
return DISPATCH_GLOBAL_OBJECT(dispatch_queue_t, _dispatch_main_q);
}
- 并行队列
global dispatch queue，通过dispatch_get_global_queue获取，由系统创建三个不同优先级的dispatch queue。并行队列的执行顺序与其加入队列的顺序相同。
/*!
* @function dispatch_get_global_queue
*
* @abstract
* Returns a well-known global concurrent queue of a given quality of service
* class.
*
* @discussion
* The well-known global concurrent queues may not be modified. Calls to
* dispatch_suspend(), dispatch_resume(), dispatch_set_context(), etc., will
* have no effect when used with queues returned by this function.
*
* @param identifier
* A quality of service class defined in qos_class_t or a priority defined in
* dispatch_queue_priority_t.
*
* It is recommended to use quality of service class values to identify the
* well-known global concurrent queues:
* - QOS_CLASS_USER_INTERACTIVE
* - QOS_CLASS_USER_INITIATED
* - QOS_CLASS_DEFAULT
* - QOS_CLASS_UTILITY
* - QOS_CLASS_BACKGROUND
*
* The global concurrent queues may still be identified by their priority,
* which map to the following QOS classes:
* - DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_HIGH: QOS_CLASS_USER_INITIATED
* - DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT: QOS_CLASS_DEFAULT
* - DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_LOW: QOS_CLASS_UTILITY
* - DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND: QOS_CLASS_BACKGROUND
*
* @param flags
* Reserved for future use. Passing any value other than zero may result in
* a NULL return value.
*
* @result
* Returns the requested global queue or NULL if the requested global queue
* does not exist.
*/
__OSX_AVAILABLE_STARTING(__MAC_10_6,__IPHONE_4_0)
DISPATCH_EXPORT DISPATCH_CONST DISPATCH_WARN_RESULT DISPATCH_NOTHROW
dispatch_queue_t
dispatch_get_global_queue(long identifier, unsigned long flags);
- 串行队列
serial queues一般用于按顺序同步访问，可创建任意数量的串行队列，各个串行队列之间是并发的。
当想要任务按照某一个特定的顺序执行时，串行队列是很有用的。串行队列在同一个时间只执行一个任务。我们可以使用串行队列代替锁去保护共享的数据。和锁不同，一个串行队列可以保证任务在一个可预知的顺序下执行。
serial queues通过dispatch_queue_create创建。
/*!
* @function dispatch_queue_create
*
* @abstract
* Creates a new dispatch queue to which blocks may be submitted.
*
* @discussion
* Dispatch queues created with the DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL or a NULL attribute
* invoke blocks serially in FIFO order.
*
* Dispatch queues created with the DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT attribute may
* invoke blocks concurrently (similarly to the global concurrent queues, but
* potentially with more overhead), and support barrier blocks submitted with
* the dispatch barrier API, which e.g. enables the implementation of efficient
* reader-writer schemes.
*
* When a dispatch queue is no longer needed, it should be released with
* dispatch_release(). Note that any pending blocks submitted to a queue will
* hold a reference to that queue. Therefore a queue will not be deallocated
* until all pending blocks have finished.
*
* Passing the result of the dispatch_queue_attr_make_with_qos_class() function
* to the attr parameter of this function allows a quality of service class and
* relative priority to be specified for the newly created queue.
* The quality of service class so specified takes precedence over the quality
* of service class of the newly created dispatch queue's target queue (if any)
* as long that does not result in a lower QOS class and relative priority.
*
* When no quality of service class is specified, the target queue of a newly
* created dispatch queue is the default priority global concurrent queue.
*
* @param label
* A string label to attach to the queue.
* This parameter is optional and may be NULL.
*
* @param attr
* A predefined attribute such as DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL,
* DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT, or the result of a call to
* a dispatch_queue_attr_make_with_* function.
*
* @result
* The newly created dispatch queue.
*/
__OSX_AVAILABLE_STARTING(__MAC_10_6,__IPHONE_4_0)
DISPATCH_EXPORT DISPATCH_MALLOC DISPATCH_RETURNS_RETAINED DISPATCH_WARN_RESULT
DISPATCH_NOTHROW
dispatch_queue_t
dispatch_queue_create(const char *_Nullable label,
dispatch_queue_attr_t _Nullable attr);
GCD的使用：
// 后台执行：
dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(0, 0), ^{
// something
});
// 主线程执行：
dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
// something
});
// 一次性执行：
static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
// code to be executed once
});
// 延迟2秒执行：
double delayInSeconds = 2.0;
dispatch_time_t popTime = dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, delayInSeconds * NSEC_PER_SEC);
dispatch_after(popTime, dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^(void){
// code to be executed on the main queue after delay
});
// 自定义dispatch_queue_t
dispatch_queue_t my_queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.hq.myQuene", NULL);
dispatch_async(my_queue, ^{
// your code
});
dispatch_release(my_queue); // 非ARC需要释放手动创建的队列
// 合并汇总结果
dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create();
dispatch_group_async(group, dispatch_get_global_queue(0,0), ^{
// 并行执行的线程一
});
dispatch_group_async(group, dispatch_get_global_queue(0,0), ^{
// 并行执行的线程二
});
dispatch_group_notify(group, dispatch_get_global_queue(0,0), ^{
// 汇总结果
});
example
dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{
NSURL * url = [NSURL URLWithString:@"http://www.baidu.com"];
NSError * error;
NSString * data = [NSString stringWithContentsOfURL:url encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:&error];
if (data != nil) {
dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
NSLog(@"call back, the data is: %@", data);
});
} else {
NSLog(@"error when download:%@", error);
}
});
GCD的另一个用处是可以让程序在后台较长久的运行。
在没有使用GCD时，当app被按home键退出后，app仅有最多5秒钟的时候做一些保存或清理资源的工作。但是在使用GCD后，app最多有10分钟的时间在后台长久运行。这个时间可以用来做清理本地缓存，发送统计数据等工作。
让程序在后台长久运行的示例代码如下：
// AppDelegate.h文件
@property (assign, nonatomic) UIBackgroundTaskIdentifier backgroundUpdateTask;
// AppDelegate.m文件
- (void)applicationDidEnterBackground:(UIApplication *)application
{
[self beingBackgroundUpdateTask];
// 在这里加上你需要长久运行的代码
[self endBackgroundUpdateTask];
}
- (void)beingBackgroundUpdateTask
{
self.backgroundUpdateTask = [[UIApplication sharedApplication] beginBackgroundTaskWithExpirationHandler:^{
[self endBackgroundUpdateTask];
}];
}
- (void)endBackgroundUpdateTask
{
[[UIApplication sharedApplication] endBackgroundTask: self.backgroundUpdateTask];
self.backgroundUpdateTask = UIBackgroundTaskInvalid;
}
