引言
由于Android对消息机制的封装,开发者在平常的开发过程中,直接使用Handler对象就能满足大部分的应用场景,是否了解Android的消息机制对开发来说并没有太大的影响。但Android的消息机制对开发者来说还是有很大启发的,因为这里面有完整的异步消息处理机制以及Android的设计思路,有很大参考价值。
在最开始接触Android的时候就了解了Android的消息机制,但在使用过程中总是选择性的忽视一些问题:
- Handler具体是如何实现跨线程通信的?
- Handler中post的一系列方法与send的一系列方法有什么关系与不同?
- Handler是如何与线程中的Looper进行关联的?
- 在主线程不断循环的Looper,为什么不会引起ANR?
- Looper对象的内部实现机制是怎样?
因此,围绕以上问题,查阅《Android开发艺术探索》及源码,经过学习研究之后在这里进行总结。
Android的消息机制
Android的消息机制主要由MessageQueue 、Looper 、Handler三者支撑,三者的关系可以概括为:
Looper 中维护着一个MessageQueue, Handler发送的消息会进入到MessageQueue也就是消息队列中,同时Looper会不断的轮询MessageQueue中是否有消息,如果存在消息,Looper将消息从MessageQueue中取出,交给Handler处理(下文会进行具体分析)。
MessageQueue
MessageQueue中主要进行两个操作,消息的插入与读取,分别由enqueueMessage与next两个方法实现
enqueueMessage源码如下
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
if (msg.target == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
}
if (msg.isInUse()) {
throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
}
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuitting) {
IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
msg.recycle();
return false;
}
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
// Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake
// up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
// and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
Message prev;
for (;;) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
return true;
}
可以看到,enqueueMessage中通过链表的数据结构来维护消息列表,把从外部传递进来的消息(参数msg)插入到消息列表中。
next源码如下
Message next() {
// Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
// This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
// which is not supported.
final long ptr = mPtr;
if (ptr == 0) {
return null;
}
int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
for (;;) {
if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
Binder.flushPendingCommands();
}
nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
synchronized (this) {
// Try to retrieve the next message. Return if found.
final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
Message prevMsg = null;
Message msg = mMessages;
if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
// Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
do {
prevMsg = msg;
msg = msg.next;
} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
}
if (msg != null) {
if (now < msg.when) {
// Next message is not ready. Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
} else {
// Got a message.
mBlocked = false;
if (prevMsg != null) {
prevMsg.next = msg.next;
} else {
mMessages = msg.next;
}
msg.next = null;
if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
msg.markInUse();
return msg;
}
} else {
// No more messages.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
}
// Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
if (mQuitting) {
dispose();
return null;
}
// If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
// Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
// in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
&& (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
}
if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
// No idle handlers to run. Loop and wait some more.
mBlocked = true;
continue;
}
if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
}
mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
}
// Run the idle handlers.
// We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler
boolean keep = false;
try {
keep = idler.queueIdle();
} catch (Throwable t) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
}
if (!keep) {
synchronized (this) {
mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
}
}
}
// Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;
// While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
// so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
}
}
从以上代码可以了解到next方法中启动了一个无限循环,结束该循环只有两种情况
- 当消息列表中有新消息插入,next方法会返回这条消息并把这条消息从消息列表中移除
- mQuitting为true,next方法会返回null
Looper
要了解Looper的机制可以从Looper中的两个方法入手——prepare()和loop()。
首先是prepare(),用来在当前线程中创建Looper
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
首先可以看到一个sThreadLocal对象,在Looper中它的定义如下
static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
sThreadLocal对象是用于存放当前线程启动的Looper对象,从以上代码可以了解到两点
- 在某线程中可以通过Looper.prepare()来创建Looper
- 某线程中最多只能创建一个Looper,否则会抛出异常(Only one Looper may be created per thread)
然后是loop(),loop()的作用主要是启动对MessageQueue的轮询,一般由线程直接调用Looper.loop()
public static void loop() {
final Looper me = myLooper();
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
// and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
// This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
Printer logging = me.mLogging;
if (logging != null) {
logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
}
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
if (logging != null) {
logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
}
// Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
// identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
if (ident != newIdent) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
+ msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
+ msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
}
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
以上代码中核心部分主要关注for循环中内容,可以看到loop()方法执行后就通过for(;;)启动了无限循环,对Looper中的MessageQueue轮询,也就是不断的通过MessageQueue的next方法取出消息,当取出的消息不为空时则执行msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)触发Handler处理消息;由上文对MessageQueue的介绍中可以知道,如果消息列表中没有消息,next方法则会阻塞,因此loop()方法当消息列表中没有消息时是处于阻塞状态。
那么什么时候触发
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
退出循环呢?由上文对MessageQueue的介绍中可以知道当mQuitting为true时,next方法会返回null
if (mQuitting) {
dispose();
return null;
}
这时Looper中quit的相关方法就派上用场了
public void quit() {
mQueue.quit(false);
}
public void quitSafely() {
mQueue.quit(true);
}
再看一下MessageQueue中的quit方法
void quit(boolean safe) {
if (!mQuitAllowed) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Main thread not allowed to quit.");
}
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuitting) {
return;
}
mQuitting = true;
if (safe) {
removeAllFutureMessagesLocked();
} else {
removeAllMessagesLocked();
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting was previously false.
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
可以看到经过一系列的调用,mQuitting 被赋值为true,因此在处理完所有事件,需要终止Looper的无限轮询时,要调用Looper中quit的相关方法终止loop方法中的无限循环,否则Looper所在线程就会一直处于等待状态。
Handler
为了实现子线程进行IO操作,然后在主线程更新UI,避免ANR的应用场景,通常会使用Handler实现跨线程通信
在主线程创建Handler对象并重写handleMessage方法,在该方法中接收并处理消息,如下
Handler mHandler = new Handler(){
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
super.handleMessage(msg);
}
};
在子线程通过mHandler发送消息
mHandler.sendMessage(msg);
那么这两段代码背后的运行机制是怎样的?
先从Handler的构造方法入手,如下
public Handler() {
this(null, false);
}
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
可以看到我们调用的无参构造方法Handler() 最终调用的是Handler(Callback callback, boolean async),根据Handler(Callback callback, boolean async)可以看到,Handler去获取了当前线程的Looper对象,通过以上代码可以得出以下结论:
- 创建Handler的线程必须维护者一个Looper对象,否则会抛出异常,所以在普通Thread中通过Handler()创建Handler对象前没有调用Looper.prepare()是会导致异常的
- 通过 Looper.myLooper() 获得的Looper对象应该是运行在创建Handler的线程中的,否则无法管理跨线程通信
- 通过获取到的Looper对象获取该Looper对象中的消息队列即代码中的**mQueue **
Looper.myLooper()代码如下
public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
return sThreadLocal.get();
}
可以看到Looper 对象是通过sThreadLocal来获取的,sThreadLocal中的Looper对象通过上文对Looper的介绍可以知道是在线程调用Looper.prepare()时赋值的
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
那么问题来了,Looper中的静态变量sThreadLocal
static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
在多个线程分别都调用了Looper的prepare方法之后,是如何维护不同线程中的Looper对象的呢,也就是说Looper的myLooper方法是如何获取到当前线程中的Looper的 Looper对象呢?
分别看下ThreadLocal的set和get方法
public void set(T value) {
Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
Values values = values(currentThread);
if (values == null) {
values = initializeValues(currentThread);
}
values.put(this, value);
}
public T get() {
// Optimized for the fast path.
Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
Values values = values(currentThread);
if (values != null) {
Object[] table = values.table;
int index = hash & values.mask;
if (this.reference == table[index]) {
return (T) table[index + 1];
}
} else {
values = initializeValues(currentThread);
}
return (T) values.getAfterMiss(this);
}
抽象的看以上代码,可以看到ThreadLocal的set和get方法并不是简单的参数赋值与获取,而是将要存取的对象与当前线程Thread.currentThread()产生关联,以实现在不同线程中的同一个ThreadLocal对象获取到不同的目标对象。
综上所述,当前线程有调用Looper.prepare()的情况下在调用new Handler()之后,Handler对象就能获取到当前线程中的Looper对象及Looper持有的MessageQueue对象
初始化之后就是发送消息了,接下来看一下Handler的消息发送机制
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
{
if (delayMillis < 0) {
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
从以上代码可以知道,在外部调用了sendMessage(Message msg)之后最终执行的是enqueueMessage方法(send与post的一系列方法最终调用的都是enqueueMessage),所以我们主要关注enqueueMessage方法,在该方法中让要发送的Message对象持有当前Handler的引用(msg.target = this),最后将Message对象插入消息列表(queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis))
综上所述,可以总结如下:
- 1.在需要处理消息的线程中调用Looper.prepare()创建该线程的Looper对象,调用Looper.loop()启动消息轮询(主线程ActivityThread已默认调用Looper.prepareMainLooper()与Looper.loop(),因此在Activity等在主线程运行的组件中可以直接调用new Handler()而不会抛出异常)
- 2.通过new Handler()创建Handler对象,经过一系列调用会将Handler与当前的线程的Looper与MessageQueue进行绑定
- 3.Handler通过sendMessage发送消息,其实本质上就是调用MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法将消息对象插入消息列表中
- 4.当MessageQueue的消息列表中插入消息时,MessageQueue的next结束阻塞返回Message对象,Looper在loop方法的循环中获取到Message对象,通过msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)将消息交给Handler处理
看一下Handler的dispatchMessage
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
message.callback.run();
}
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
}
可以看到在dispatchMessage中优先处理Message中的callback,这个callback其实就是在post一系列方法中传递过来的Runnable
public final boolean post(Runnable r)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
Message m = Message.obtain();
m.callback = r;
return m;
}
mCallback 是一个接口,是在Handler的构造方法中传递进来的,可以看到当mCallback 中的handleMessage方法返回值为true时Handler将不会执行Handler中handleMessage方法。
总结
结合上文对MessageQueue 、Looper 、Handler三者的分析,再回头看开头提到的几个问题
Handler具体是如何实现跨线程通信的?
以子线程进行IO操作,然后在主线程更新UI,避免ANR的应用场景为例:
- 1.系统在主线程ActivityThread中已经调用Looper.prepareMainLooper()创建主线程的Looper,并调用Looper.loop(),启动轮询,不断地通过MessageQueue的next方法从消息列表中取出消息,当没有消息是,next处于阻塞状态,Looper.loop()也处于阻塞状态
- 2.当我们在Activity等运行在主线程的组件中创建Handler时,Handler通过Looper.myLooper()获取与当前线程也就是主线程关联的Looper对象,同时Handler也持有了Looper中的MessageQueue
- 3.子线程持有主线程创建的Handler对象,在子线程中通过Handler的send或post的系列方法发送消息,send与post的系列方法最终都是通过Handler持有的MessageQueue对象调用enqueueMessage方法将消息插入队列,触发在主线程主线程中轮询的Looper用过loop()取出消息,并在loop()中调用Handler的dispatchMessage方法,将消息交由Handler处理,最终达到了子线程进行IO操作后发送消息,主线程处理消息并刷新UI的目的
Handler中post的一系列方法与send的一系列方法有什么关系与不同?
- 从上文对Handler的介绍中可以知道,Handler中post的一系列方法与send的一系列方法本质上最终都是通过MessageQueue对象调用enqueueMessage进行消息插入操作,只是在调用优先级上存在一点差别,具体从Handler的dispatchMessage方法可以看出
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
Handler是如何与线程中的Looper进行关联的?
通过上文可以知道,Looper是在线程中通过Looper.preare()(主线程为preareMainLooper)创建的,preare的内部通过ThreadLocal将Looper保存并与当前线程相关联,Handler中通过Looper.myLooper获取到Looper,myLooper的内部则也是通过ThreadLocal来获取Looper,从而完成了Handler与当前线程中的Looper的关联
Looper对象的内部实现机制是怎样?
具体参考上文对Looper的分析,这里就不重复展开
那么还有一个问题
在主线程不断循环的Looper,为什么不会引起ANR?
主线程中的Looper.loop()一直无限循环为什么不会造成ANR?http://www.jianshu.com/p/cfe50b8b0a41
这篇文章已经回答了这个问题