2-b-1

Local climate changes can impact on a number of factors, including air pollution, that have been shown to influence both the development and attacks of allergic respiratory diseases, and they thus represent an important consideration for the allergist. Migration in-volves exposure（接触） to a new set of pollutants and allergens and changes in housing conditions, diet and accessibility to medical services, all of which are likely to affect migrants’ health. This review provides an update on climate change, migration, and allergy and discusses factors for consid-eration when making recommendations for local allergy service provision, and for assessing an individual patient’s environmental exposures（影响）.

allergic respiratory diseases:过敏性呼吸系统疾病
allergist：过敏医师  同根词allergen  allergy

当地气候变化能够影响到包括空气污染在内的很多因素，这些因素表明影响过敏性呼吸系统疾病的形成和发作，因此气候变化受到过敏专科医师的格外关注。移民势必会接触一系列新的污染物和过敏原，会改变居住环境，饮食和医疗服务的便捷性，这些都有可能影响移民者的健康。这篇文章提供了气候变化,迁移和过敏的最新研究，并讨论了为地域性过敏服务提供建议时，评估环境对个体患者影响时，需要考虑的因素。

2-b-2

Migration studies provide useful information on the role of environmental factors, including climate changes on the development of atopy and asthma. Migration involves exposure to a new set of pollutants and allergens and changes in housing conditions, diet and accessibility to medical services, all of which are likely to affect migrants' health. Atopy and asthma are more prevalent in developed and industrialized countries as compared with undeveloped and less affluent countries, and the affect of migration is age and time-dependent: early age and longer time spent in the new environment increase the likelihood of developing allergenic symptoms such as asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis or eczema. Migrants should, therefore, be aware of the potential for developing allergies, asthma, or both.

atopy 遗传性过敏
asthma 哮喘
pollutants 污染物
allergens 过敏原

移民研究提供了有关环境因素作用的有用信息，包括气候变化对患遗传性过敏和哮喘的影响。移民可能接触到全新的污染物、过敏原以及住房条件、饮食和医疗服务方面的变化，所有这些都可能影响到移民的健康。相对比那些不发达的国家，遗传性过敏和哮喘在发达的工业化国家更为普遍；迁移则取决于年龄和时间：在新环境中处的时间越早、越长，感染过敏症的可能性就越大，包括哮喘、鼻炎或湿疹。因此，移民应该注意潜在的可能患上的过敏和哮喘。

2-b-3(未整理)

The key determinants of greenhouse gas emissions are energy production, transportation, agriculture, food production and waste management, and attempts at mitigating climate change will need to address each of these. However, while there is some uncertainty about predicting future meteorological trends, whatever interventions may be put in place to ameliorate climate change, it is likely that the world will experience more hot days, fewer frost days, and more periods of heavy rain and consequent flooding. Paradoxically it is likely that there will be more periods of drought.

emission [ɪ'mɪʃ(ə)n]:n.发射，散发，排放
meteorological [,miːtɪərə'lɒdʒɪkəl]:adj.气象，气候
intervention [ɪntə'venʃ(ə)n]:n.干涉，干预
be put in place to:被安置在，用来
ameliorate[ə'miːlɪəreɪt]:vt.改善，缓解
consequent ['kɒnsɪkw(ə)nt]:adj.随之发生的，作为结果的
paradoxically [,pærə'dɔksikəli]:adv.自相矛盾地，反常地

温室气体排放的关键决定因素是能源生产，交通运输，农业，食品生产和废物管理，要想缓解气候变化需要努力解决这些问题。 然而，虽然在预测未来气象趋势中存在一些不确定性，但可以采取任何干预措施来缓解气候变化，世界可能会经历更多的炎热天气，更少的霜冻天数以及更多的暴雨期和随之而来的洪水。 反常的是，可能会有更多的干旱时期。

2-b-4

Studies on plant responses to elevated CO2 concentrations indicate that plants exhibit enhanced photosynthesis and reproductive effects and produce more pollen. An earlier start and peak of the pollen season is more pronounced in species that start flowering early in the year. Futhermore, plants flower earlier in urban areas than in the corresponding rural areas with earlier pollination of about 2-4 days. Meteorological factors(temperature, wind speed, humidity, thunderstorms, and so forth)along with their climatic regimes(warm or cold anomalies and dry or wet periods, and so forth), can affect both biologic and chemical components of this interaction. In addition, by inducing airway inflammation, air pollution overcomes the mucosal barrier, leading to the priming of allergen-induced responses. Climate changes might induce negative effects on respiratory allergic diseases favoring the increased length and severity of the pollen season, the higher occurrence of heavy precipitation events and the increasing frequency of urban air pollution episodes.

photosynthesis [,fəʊtə(ʊ)'sɪnθɪsɪs]:n.光合作用
pollen ['pɒlən]:n.花粉
pollination  [ˌpɒləˈneɪʃn]:n. [农学] 授粉（作用）
humidity[hjʊ'mɪdɪtɪ]:n. [气象] 湿度
climatic[klaɪ'mætɪk]:adj. 气候的；气候上的
regime[reɪ'ʒiːm]:n.社会制度；管理体制;状况
anomaly [ə'nɒm(ə)lɪ]:n.异常，反常的事物
airway inflammation:n.[医学]气道炎症
mucosal [,mju:'kəʊ'səl]:adj. 粘膜的
respiratory[rɪˈspɪrət(ə)ri]:adi.呼吸的
allergic[ə'lɜːdʒɪk]:adj.对···过敏的
episode ['epɪsəʊd]:n. 插曲；一段情节；一段时期

植物对二氧化碳浓度升高的反应研究表明，植物表现出增强的光合作用和繁殖效应，并产生更多的花粉。花粉季节的提前开始和高峰在年初开始开花的物种中更为明显。此外，城市地区的植物早于相应的农村地区开花，早期授粉约2-4天。气象因素（温度，风速，湿度，雷暴等）以及它们的气候状况（温暖或寒冷的异常以及干燥或潮湿时期等）都会影响这种相互作用的生物和化学成分。此外，通过诱导气道炎症，空气污染克服了粘膜屏障，导致引发过敏原诱导的反应。气候变化有利于增加花粉季节长度和严重程度，强降水事件的发生率增加以及城市空气污染事件发生频率的增加，可能会对呼吸道过敏性疾病有负面的影响。

2-b-5

Thunderstorms occurring during the pollen season have been observed to induce severe asthma attacks in pollinosis patients. Associations between thunderstorms and asthma morbidity have been identified in multiple locations around the world. The most prominent hypotheses for thunderstorm-related asthma are linked with bioaerosols, and involve the role of rainwater in promoting the release of respirable particulate matter. After hydratation and rupture by osmotic shock during the beginning of a thunderstorm, pollen grains release part of their cytoplasmic content into the atmosphere, including inhalable, allergen-carrying paucimicronic particles such as starch granules and other cytoplasmic components.

induce vt. 诱导；引起 
prominent adj. 突出的，显著的
bioaerosols n. 生物气胶                 
respirable adj. 可呼吸的，能呼吸的
particulate adj. 微粒的                   
starch granules 淀粉颗粒

人们已经观察到在花粉期出现的雷暴会引起花粉症患者的严重哮喘发作。世界多地已经证实了雷暴与哮喘发病率的联系。其中最突出的雷暴引起的哮喘假说是与生物气胶密不可分，而且该假说还涉及雨水在促进可吸入颗粒释放时的重要作用。在雷雨开始时，由于渗透性冲击所引起的水化和破裂作用，花粉粒会释放部分细胞内容物到大气中，其中包括可吸入的、带有致敏原的微小颗粒，比如淀粉颗粒和其它细胞质成分。

2-b-6

A combined approach comprises primary prevention by greenhouse gas mitigation to stabilize the climate, and secondary prevention by clinical intervention to minimize climate change-related increases in asthma and allergic disease. Climate changes in the future may depend on how rapidly and successfully global mitigation and adaptation strategies are deployed. The effect of human intervention and efforts to minimize changes in vegetation and aeroallergen exposure remains to be seen.

mitigation：[ˌmɪtɪˈgeɪʃn] n.减轻；缓解；缓和 
asthma ：[ˈæsmə] n.气喘；哮喘
allergic：[əˈlɜ:dʒɪk] ①adj.对…过敏的②adj.对…十分反感的，厌恶的
aeroallergen：[eərəˈælədʒən] n.高空过敏症；[医]气源性致敏原
An aeroallergen is any airborne substance, such as pollen or spores, which triggers an allergic reaction.

一套组合性的方案包括第一道预防措施：对温室气体进行吸收以用于稳定气候的变化，第二道预防措施：临床上进行干预以最小化气候变化引起的疾病如哮喘和过敏性疾病的发病。在未来，全球变暖情况可能会取决于全球减缓和适应性策略的应用有多么地迅速和成功。人类干预造成的影响以及减少植物和吸入性过敏源暴露程度变化所做的努力的效果还尚待观察。