As you can see from the first three lines:
First letter-> desired package state ("selection state"):
u ... unknown
i ... install
r ... remove/deinstall
p ... purge (remove including config files)
h ... hold
Second letter-> current package state:
n ... not-installed
i ... installed
c ... config-files (only the config files are installed)
U ... unpacked
F ... half-configured (configuration failed for some reason)
h ... half-installed (installation failed for some reason)
W ... triggers-awaited (package is waiting for a trigger from another package)
t ... triggers-pending (package has been triggered)
Third letter-> error state (you normally shouldn't see a third letter, but a space, instead):
R ... reinst-required (package broken, reinstallation required)
dpkg -l 参数意思
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