期刊：Arch Gen Psychiatry（top
时间：2002
[Background]：Typically developing infants show preferential attention to social rather than inanimate stimuli, and they also prefer to focus on the more socially revealing features of the face ,such as the eyes rather than the mouth; in contrast, individuals with ASD seem to lack these early social predispositions.
[Method]:
The resultant videotape can then be coded for patterns of visual fixation that can be measured in terms of percentage of viewing time spent on different aspects of the social scenes.
兴趣点：
1. the relative salience of major components of the viewed scenes。图像分区：mouth, eye, body, and object regions
2. the relationship between patterns of visual fixation and outcome measures of social competence。评价标准： level of real life social adjustment (as defined by scores on the socialization domain of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Expanded Edition [VABS-E]21) and in terms of degree of autistic social symptoms (as defined by the social domain of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule [ADOS]22)
[Participants]
智力水平测试：Intellectual level was measured using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children or the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
All 15 participants with autism were cognitively able and yet severely impaired in their social functioning, as measured using the VABS-E19: a discrepancy of more than 3.5 SD was obtained between their verbal IQ and standard scores on the socialization domain of the VABS-E
实验者匹配： chronological age and verbal IQ (rather than full-scale IQ)
视频材料："Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf"
每段视频时长：30 to 60 seconds depending on the content and duration of each
chosen scene.（间隔五秒白屏
设备： dark pupil-corneal reflection video-oculography technique and hardware and software (accuracy within ±0.3° over a ±20°horizontal and vertical range)
60 samples per sec
实验过程：Participants sat in a comfortable armchair, 63.5 cm from a 48.3-cm computer screen mounted flush within a black wooden panel. The eye-tracking baseball cap was adjusted for participant comfort and clarity of view, and a brief calibration routine followed (consisting of having each participant look at a series of 5 points). Lights in the room were dimmed so that only images displayed on the screen could be easily seen, and the audio component was played through a set of concealed speakers. Data recording began after each participant reported an adequate level of comfort, an unobstructed view of the screen, and a clearly audible soundtrack.
可靠性评估：Kappa coefficients29 and percentages of agreement were calculated to assess interrater reliability, with of 0.82 and agreement of 87.2%, indicating “excellent agreement.
编码方式——
嘴：0；眼：1；2：body；3：object
若在边界上，则评估前3帧，后3帧及该帧，根据7帧区域进行编码=》为了避免这种情况：only those shots in which the on-screen dimensions of the character’s head were greater than or equal to 5° of the participant’s field of view could be coded
数据处理： Blinks were defined by a loss of point-of-regard coordinate data
[STATISTICAL ANALYSES]
T tests with Bonferroni corrections for number of between-group comparisons
Pearson correlations were used to explore the degree of the relationship between fixation patterns and the 2 measures of social competence
[Result]
对眼部的注视时间与社会适应分数和社会残疾分数无关，而在嘴部区域和object区域则是强相关，body区域相关性不明显。
虽然目前的研究并没有设计探索影响视觉固定模式的因素，但嘴和对象之间的强预测联系，而不是眼睛的固定和社交能力的结果测量，表明未来需要追求特定的假设，更精细的研究。口腔固定时间比例越高，预测社交能力水平越高的发现就像是违反直觉的，因此特别关注。鉴于言语技能水平与自闭症患者获得更好结果之间的着名联系[34]，我们研究的参与者有可能将注意力集中在口腔上，因为这是言语来自的地方。通过把精力集中在某些他们能理解的事物上，他们可以更好地理解社会情况。然而，这种补偿策略并非没有局限，因为语言的含义经常被非语言的社会暗示（如眼睛表情）所改变。事实上，聚焦在眼睛上的时间百分比与社交能力的测量无关，这一事实表明，对于患有自闭症的人来说，看眼睛在理解社交情况的努力中并不具有相当大的优势，换句话说，眼睛对他们没有意义。
语音阅读的视觉注意力取决于任务的性质。如果要求参与者进行分段的言语感知任务（即猜测说话者说什么），观众更可能将注意力集中在口腔区域上。然而，如果参与者被要求执行韵律语音感知任务（即，猜测说话者的声音的变化，例如伤心，快乐或疯狂），则观看者更可能集中在脸部的上部区域（眼睛和眉毛）。
In other words, our findings could be related to the over reliance of individuals with autism on the literal aspects of speech at the expense of intonational cues associated with social meaning.
当面部识别任务以倒立面的形式呈现时，自闭症儿童在眼睛状况中并没有表现出典型的性能减退。鉴于反转效应的大小的增加以及从基于特征的结构到结构化处理的相关转换标志着相对于一类对象的知觉专长的发展。孤独症儿童在识别嘴部特征不同的面部时具有专业知识，但在眼部特征不同时则不能。
[不足]:
although the measures reported in this study were informative, they are unlikely to be the most sensitive indicators of abnormalities in social visual pursuit in autism.
不能排除智商、注意力或感知异常影响。
