Errors of Reaction
7种认知错误、6种过程错误、6种表达错误
最后一类错误是反应错误，当我们表达自己想法后，想法被他人挑战时，我们做出的反应常常是错误的。
When we have once adopted an opinion, our pride makes us loth to admit that we are wrong. When objections are made to our views, we are more concerned with discovering how to combat them than how much truth or sound sense there may be in them; we are at pains rather to find fresh support for our own views, than to face frankly any new facts that appear to contradict them. We all know how easy it is to become annoyed at the suggestion that we have made a mistake; that our first feeling is that we would rather do anything than admit it, and our first thought is “How can I explain it away?”
我们的骄傲使得我们不愿意承认自己的错误。我们认为错误会削弱我们的声誉。人们为了维护自己的自尊、声誉，会做出反常、错误之事。
To summarize, errors of reaction are face-saving devices we use to explain away criticism of our ideas. We will discuss five specific errors— automatic rejection, changing the subject, shifting the burden of proof, strawman, and attacking the critic.
automatic rejection
接受或者反对一个论点的方式：评价这个论点，然后对其价值做出一个诚实的评估。
自动拒绝，听不进别人建议、或者别人有反驳倾向就立即拒绝，不给别人说话、建议的余地。注意要在你的观点和自己的观点之间设置一段感情距离。
Changing the Subject
转移话题、思维跳跃，说话没有逻辑。当原话题合适，二转换话题是为了欺骗逃避这样是错误的。要迎头直面困难。你知道答案就陈述。不知道就说你认为可能的并给出推理。不知道承认就好，并不丢脸。
Shifting the Burden of Proof
转移责任。
strawman
稻草人 注意引用解释别人观点时要谨慎准确。把不实之词强加到别人身上，然后指出他说的不对的地方，这是无实质内容的论证。
Attacking the Critic
攻击批评者。想法和人不是同义词。（对事不对人！）
