1。
TPO 33 第2篇
Railroads and Commercial Agriculture in the Nineteenth-Century United States
Paragraph 2: The effect of the new railroad lines rippled outward through the economy. Farmers along the tracks began to specialize in crops that they could market in distant locations. With their profits, they purchased manufactured goods that earlier they might have made at home. Before the railroad reached Tennessee, the state produced about 25,000 bushels (or 640tons) of wheat, which sold for less than 50 cents a bushel. Once the railroad came, farmers in the same counties grew 400,000 bushels (over 10,000 tons) and sold their crop at a dollar a bushel.
（2）. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the new railroads had which of the following effects on farm communities?
Most new farms were located along the tracks.
Farmer began to grow wheat as a commercial crop.
Many farmers decided to grow a wider variety of crops.
Demand for manufactured goods increased among farmers.
TPO 33 第3篇 Extinction Episodes of the Past
However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.
○Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.
○After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.
○The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs.
TPO 32 第2篇 Siam, 1851 — 1910
Numerous changes accompanied these developments. The rural population both dispersed and grew, and was probably less homogeneous and more mobile than it had been a generation earlier. The villages became more vulnerable to arbitrary treatment by government bureaucrats as local elites now had less control over them. By the early twentieth century, as government modernization in a sense caught up with what had been happening in the countryside since the 1870s, the government bureaucracy intruded more and more into village life. Provincial police began to appear, along with district officers and cattle registration and land deeds and registration for compulsory military service. Village handicrafts diminished or died out completely as people bought imported consumer goods, like cloth and tools, instead of making them themselves. More economic variation took shape in rural villages, as some grew prosperous from farming while others did not. As well as can be measured, rural standards of living improved in the Fifth Reign. But the statistical averages mean little when measured against the harsh realities of peasant life.
According to paragraph 5, which of the following was true of Siam’srural people during the Fifth Reign?
○They were forced to spend most of the profits from rice growing on registrations required by the government.
○Their lives remained very difficult even though statistics suggest that their quality of life improved.
○The non-farmers among them were helped by the government more than the farmers among them were.
○They were more prosperous when they were ruled by local elites than when they were ruled by the more modern government of the Fifth Reign.
TPO32
Distributions of Tropical Bee Colonies
Paragraph 4: Though Hubbell and Johnson were interested in how bee behavior might affect colony distributions, they recognized that the availability of potential nest sites for colonies could also affect distributions. ■ So as one of the first steps in their study, they mapped the distribution of trees suitable for nesting.■ They found that potential nest trees were distributed randomly through the study area. ■ They also found that the number of potential nest sites was much greater than the number of bee colonies. ■ What did these measurements show the researchers? The number of colonies in the study area was not limited by availability of suitable trees, and a clumped or regular distribution of colonies was not due to an underlying clumped or regular distribution of potential nest sites.
（12）. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
31-1 Speciation in Geographically IsolatedPopulations
Paragraph 3: Geographic isolation also can proceed slowly, over great spans of time. We find evidence of such extended events in the fossil record, which affords glimpses into the breakup of formerly continuous environments. For example, during past ice ages, glaciers advanced down through North America and Europe and gradually cut off parts of populations from one another. When the glaciers retreated, the separated populations of plants and animals came into contact again. Some groups that had descended from the same parent population were no longer reproductively compatible— they had evolved into separate species. In other groups, however, genetic divergences had not proceeded so far, and the descendants could still interbreed— for them, reproductive isolation was not completed, and so speciation had not occurred.
According to paragraph 3, separation of subpopulations by glaciers resulted in speciation in those groups of plants and animals that
○ were reproductively isolated even after the glaciers disappeared
○ had adjusted to the old conditions caused by the glaciers
○ were able to survive being separated from their parent population
○ had experienced some genetic divergences from their parent population
Paragraph 4: Only rarely can we derive any "real" quantities from deposits of broken pots. However, there is one exceptional dump, which does represent a very large part of the site's total history of consumption and for which an estimate of quantity has been produced. On the left bank of the Tiber River in Rome, by one of the river ports of the ancient city, is a substantial hill some 50 meters high called Monte Testaccio. It is made up entirely of broken oil amphorae, mainly of the second and third centuries A.D. It has been estimated that Monte Testaccio contains the remains of some 53 million amphorae, in which around 6,000 million liters of oil were imported into the city from overseas. Imports into imperial Rome were supported by the full might of the state and were therefore quite exceptional—but the size of the operations at Monte Testaccio, and the productivity and complexity that lay behind them, nonetheless cannot fail to impress. This was a society with similarities to modern one—moving goods on a gigantic scale, manufacturing high-quality containers to do so, and occasionally, as here, even discarding them on delivery.
According to paragraph 4, Monte Testaccio is particularly important for archaeologists because archaeologists were able to
○ conclude how amphorae manufacturing increased rapidly after the second A.D.
○find the locations where most of the amphorae in the Roman Empire were produce.
○obtain relatively accurate calculations of the quantities of amphorae used over time in that place
○discover that the Roman state had supported amphorae production
Early Saharan Pastoralists
Paragraph 5: The cattle herders had only a few possessions: unsophisticated pots and polished adzes. They also hunted with bow and arrow. The Saharan people left a remarkable record of their lives painted on the walls of caves deep in the desert. Their artistic endeavors have been preserved in paintings of wild animals, cattle, goats, humans, and scenes of daily life that extend back perhaps to 5000 B.C. The widespread distribution of pastoral sites of this period suggests that the Saharans ranged their herds over widely separated summer and winter grazing grounds.
According to paragraph 5, each of the following was true about the early Saharan people EXCEPT:
○ They had few possessions apart from cattle.
○ After about 5000 B.C., they lived primarily in caves that were located deep in the desert.
○ Between the summer and winter seasons, they moved their herds over long distances.
○ They painted animals and scenes of daily life on the walls of caves.
Craft in the Ancient Near East
Paragraph 1: Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.
According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of the ancient settlement at Uruk EXCEPT:
○It was a permanent settlement.
○It was self-sufficient.
○It was one of a group of other larger settlements.
○It had easy access to the land where its crops were grown.
