python 标准库中的GUI界面-->turtle

导入turtle as 别名

import turtle as t

绘制 NEUSOFT

# 设置画笔大小10px
t.pensize(10)
t.color('blue')
# 绘制 NEUSOFT
# 抬笔
t.penup()
# 水平左移
t.goto(-260,0)
# 落笔
t.pd()
# 绘制N
t.left(90)
t.forward(80)
t.right(145)
t.fd(100)
# fd为forward简写
t.lt(145)
t.fd(80)

# 绘制E
t.pu()
t.goto(-180,0)
t.pd()
t.fd(80)
t.right(90)
t.fd(60)
t.left(180)
t.fd(60)
t.left(90)
t.fd(40)
t.left(90)
t.fd(60)
t.left(180)
t.fd(60)
t.left(90)
t.fd(40)
t.left(90)
t.fd(60)

# 绘制U
t.pu()
t.goto(-95, 80)
t.pd()
t.rt(90)
t.fd(50)
t.circle(30, 180)
t.fd(50)

# 绘制S

t.penup()
# 水平左移
t.goto(34, 60)
# 落笔
t.pd()
t.circle(22, 270)
# r是正数时，以左手边为圆心画弧，r是负数时以左手边为圆心画弧
# angle是负数时，代表绘制方向
t.circle(-23, 270)

# 绘制O
t.penup()
# 水平左移
t.goto(140, 40)
# 落笔
t.pd()
t.circle(40)

# 绘制F
t.pu()
t.goto(160, 0)
t.pd()
t.fd(40)
t.rt(90)
t.fd(60)
t.lt(180)
t.fd(60)
t.rt(90)
t.fd(40)
t.rt(90)
t.fd(60)

# 绘制T
t.pu()
t.goto(280,0)
t.pd()
t.lt(90)
t.fd(80)
t.lt(90)
t.fd(30)
t.lt(180)
t.fd(60)
# 让gui界面一直显示, 所有执行的代码要写在此函数之前
t.done()

python常用数据类型

列表: 与c语言中的数组很相似，只不过可以存储不同类型的数据
优点：灵活，缺点：效率低

定义方式  []
hero_name = ['鲁班七号', '安琪拉', '李白', '刘备']
# 输出
 print(hero_name)
# 遍历
 for hero in hero_name:
    print(hero)

常见操作
1.列表的访问

# 列表名[索引]
print(hero_name[2])

2.添加 append

hero_name.append('后羿')
print('添加后的列表', hero_name)

3.修改

hero_name[1] = 1000
print('修改后的列表',hero_name)

4.删除

del hero_name[1]
print('删除后的列表',hero_name)

练习

# 创建 [1, 2, 3......10] 这样的一个数字列表
# 1.创建空列表
li = []
# 2.使用for 循环， 在循环中添加元素值
for i in range(1, 11):
    li.append(i)
print(li)

字符串

 定义形式   ''  ""

切片对序列截取一部分的操作，适用于列表

 name = 'abcdefg'
 name[1]
# [起始位置:终止位置：步长] 左闭右开
print(name[1:4])
# a c e g
print(name[0:7:2])
# 全切片的时候可以省略初始和终止位置
print(name[::2])

2.常用方法：
(1). 去两端空格

name = '    abcdefg     '
# 查看序列内元素的个数  len（）
print(len(name))
name = name.strip()
print('去空格之后', len(name))

(2).替换

price = '$999'
price = price.replace('$','')
print(price)

(3). 列表变成字符串的方法 join

li = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
a = '_'.join(li)
print(a)
print(type(a))

元组 tuple 元组和列表很像只不过元组不可以修改

定义  ()
a = ('zhangsan', 'lisi', 'wangwu',1000)
print(a)
print(type(a))

访问

print(a[1])

2.关于元组需要注意的是只有一个元素的元组

b = ('lisi',) 
c = (1000,) 
print(type(b))
print(type(c))

字典 dict java hashmap
key-value数据结构

# 定义形式  {}
info = {'name':'李四', 'age':34, 'addr':'重庆市渝北区'}
print(len(info))
print(info)

1.字典的访问

print(info['name'])

2.修改

info['addr'] = '北京市朝阳区'
print('修改后字典',info)

3.增加

info['sex'] = 'female'
print('增加后字典',info)

4.获取字典中所有的键

print(info.keys())

5.获取字典中所有的值

print(info.values())

获取字典中所有的key-value

print(info.items())

7.列表转换成字典

d = [('name', '李四'), ('age', 34), ('addr', '北京市朝阳区'), ('sex', 'female')]
d1 = dict(d)
print(d1)

遍历字典

for k, v in info.items():
    print(k, v)

集合

#  无序，不重复
set1 = {'zhangsan', 'lisi', 222}
print(type(set1))

遍历

for x in set1:
    print(x)

1.掌控python的常用数据类型和语法

列表的序列

 #列表的序列
li=[]
for i in range(10):
    li.append(i)
print(li)
from  random import  shuffle
shuffle(li)
print('随机打乱的列表',li)
li.sort(reverse=True)
print('排序后的列表',li)

stu_info =[
    {"name":'zhangsan',"age":18},
    {"name":'lisi',"age":30},
    {"name":'wangwu',"age":99},
    {"name":'tiaqi',"age":8},
]
print('排序前：',stu_info)
# def 函数名（）：
#     函数体
def sort_by_age(x):
    return x['age']
# key=函数名  ---》按照什么进行排序
# 根据年龄大小进行排序
stu_info.sort(key=sort_by_age)
print('排序后：',stu_info)

练习

name_info_list=[
    ('张三',4500),
    ('李四',9900),
    ('王五',2000),
    ('赵六',5500),
]
#根据元组第二个元素进行排序
def sort_by_grade(x):
    return x[1]
name_info_list.sort(key=sort_by_grade)
print('排序后：',name_info_list)

方法

def say_hello(name):
    print('hello, {}'.format(name))
say_hello('重庆师范')

本地文件读取

python中使用open内置函数进行文件读取

f=open(file='./novel/threekingdom.txt',mode='r',encoding='utf-8')
data=f.read()
f.close()
print(data)

with as 上下文管理器不用close关闭流

with open(file='./novel/threekingdom.txt',mode='r',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    data=f.read()
print(data)

文件写入

txt='i like python'
with open('python.txt',mode='w',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write(txt)

写html文件

text="""<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>擦大师傅</title>
</head>
<body>
擦大师傅
</body>
</html>"""
print(text)
with open('chongqingshifan.html',mode='w',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write(text)

3.中文分词 jieba

安装jieba分词库

#  指定国内镜像安装
#1.在用户目录下新建pip文件夹
# 2.新建pip.ini文件
# 添加
"""
[global]
index-url = http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
[install]
trusted-host=mirrors.aliyun.com
"""

import jieba

三种分词模式

# 精确模式
seg="我来到北京清华大学"
seg_list=jieba.lcut(seg)
print(seg_list)

# 全模式  找出所有分词结果   冗余性大
seg_list1=jieba.lcut(seg,cut_all=True)
print(seg_list1)

# 搜索引擎模式 先执行精确模式,再对其中的长词进行处理
seg_list2=jieba.lcut_for_search(seg)
print(seg_list2)

#eg:
text = '小明硕士毕业于中国科学院计算所，后在日本京都大学深造'
seg_list4 = jieba.lcut(text,cut_all=True)
print(seg_list4)
#  搜索引擎模式  先执行精确模式，在对其中的长词进行处理
seg_list5 = jieba.lcut_for_search(text)
print(seg_list5)

读取三国演义

import jieba
# 三国演义小说分词
# 读取三国演义小说
with open('./novel/threekingdom.txt','r',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    words=f.read()
    print(len(words))
    words_list=jieba.lcut(words)
    print(len(words_list)) #分词后的词语书
    print(words_list)

词云展示

本地安装python库

# pip install wordcloud

from wordcloud import WordCloud
import jieba
import imageio
 # 绘制词云
 text = 'He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week. It made the boy sad to see the old man come in each day with his skiff empty and he always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat.'
wc = WordCloud().generate(text)
wc.to_file('老人与海.png')

三国词云

mask = imageio.imread('./china.jpg')
with open('./novel/threekingdom.txt','r',encoding='utf-8') as f:
    words=f.read()
    words_list=jieba.lcut(words)
    print(len(words_list)) #分词后的词语书
    print(words_list)
# 将words_list转换成字符串
    novel_words=" ".join(words_list)
    print(novel_words)
    # WordCloud()里面设置参数
    wc = WordCloud(
        font_path='msyh.ttc',
        background_color='white',
        width=800,
        height=600,
        mask=mask
    ).generate(novel_words)
    wc.to_file('三国词云.png')

Python学习第二天

Python学习第二天

python 标准库中的GUI界面-->turtle

绘制 NEUSOFT

python常用数据类型

练习

1.掌控python的常用数据类型和语法

本地文件读取

3.中文分词 jieba

词云展示

推荐阅读更多精彩内容