INTRODUCTION
TO
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
The aim of philosophy of science is to understand what scientists did and how they did it, where history of science shows that they performed basic research very well.
科学技术哲学的目的是理解科学是什么和科学如何可能，科学哲学史就很好的展示他们基础研究。为了达到这个目的，
Therefore to achieve this aim, philosophers look back to the great achievements in the evolution of modern science that started with the Copernicus（哥白尼） with greater emphasis （强调，重点）given to more recent accomplishments.
为了达到这个目的，哲学家们回归在现代科技成果的伟大成就，从哥白尼强调最近的成果开始。
The earliest philosophy of science in the last two hundred years is Romanticism, which started as a humanities discipline and was later adapted to science as a humanities specialty.
在即今两百多年，最早的科学哲学具有浪漫主义色彩。作为人文学科，最后被人文专业所接受。
The Romantics view the aim of science as interpretative understanding, which is a mentalistic ontology acquired by introspection.
They call language containing this ontology “theory”.
The most successful science sharing in the humanities aim is economics, but since the development of econometrics that enables forecasting and policy, the humanities aim is mixed with the natural science aim of prediction and control. Often, however, econometricians have found that successful forecasting by econometric models must be purchased at the price of rejecting equation specifications based on the interpretative understanding supplied by neoclassical macroeconomic and microeconomic theory. In this context the term “economic theory” means precisely such neoclassical equation specifications. Aside from economics Romanticism has little relevance to the great accomplishments in the history of science, because its concept of the aim of science has severed it from the benefits of the examination of the history of science. The Romantic philosophy of social science is still resolutely practiced in immature sciences such as sociology, where mentalistic description prevails, where quantification and prediction are seldom attempted, and where implementation in social policy is seldom effective and often counterproductive.
