app自动化测试（Android）–App 控件定位
客户端的页面通过 XML 来实现 UI 的布局，页面的 UI 布局作为一个树形结构，而树叶被定义为节点。这里的节点也就对应了要定位的元素，节点的上级节点，定义了元素的布局结构。在 XML 布局中可以使用 XPath 进行节点的定位。
App的布局结构
[[图片上传失败...(image-593212-1654652224421)]
1080×607 155 KB](https://ceshiren.com/uploads/default/original/3X/1/d/1d0c729e53157c8761d85ea68520872e48e72b96.png)
从上面这张图中可以看到最左侧是应用的页面的展示，中间部分展示了这个页面的树形结构的 XML 代码。
其中包含的内容为：
节点 node
节点属性：包括 clickable（是否可点击）、content-desc（内容）、resource-id（元素 id）、text（文本）、bounds（坐标）等。
通过 ID 定位
在 Android 系统元素的 ID 称为 resource-id，使用页面分析工具比如 Appium Inspector 能够获取元素的唯一标识是 ID 属性，可以使用 ID 进行元素定位，方便快捷。
示例代码如下：
- Python 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.find_element(By.ID, "android:id/text1").click() </pre>
- Java 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.findElement(By.id("android:id/text1")).click(); </pre>
注意 resource-id 对应的属性（包名:id/id 值），在使用这个属性的时候要把它当作一个整体。
通过 Accessibility 定位
当分析工具能抓取到的 content-desc 的属性值是唯一时，可以采用 Accessibility 的定位方式，示例代码：
- Python 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.find_element_by_accessibility_id("Accessibility") </pre>
- Java 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.findElementByAccessibilityId("Accessibility"); </pre>
通过 XPath 定位
与 Selenium 类似，可以使用 XPath 的定位方式完成页面的元素定位。XPath 分为绝对路径定位与相对路径定位两种形式，下面介绍的都是相对定位的形式。
XPath：resource-id 属性定位
元素可以通过 resource-id 定位。
格式：
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">//*[@resource-id='resource-id属性'] </pre>
示例代码：
- Python 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.find_element(By.XPATH, \ '//*[@resource-id="rl_login_phone"]') </pre>
- Java 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.findElement(By.xpath(\ "//*[@resource-id=\"rl_login_phone\"]")); </pre>
XPath：text 属性定位
元素可以通过 text 文本属性定位。
格式：
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">//*[@text=’text文本属性’] </pre>
示例代码如下
- Python 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.find_element(By.XPATH,'//*[@text="我的"]') </pre>
- Java 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@text=\"我的\"]")); </pre>
XPath：class 属性定位
元素可以通过 class 定位。
格式：
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">//*[@class=’class 属性’] </pre>
示例代码：
- Python 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.find_element(By.XPATH,\ '//*[@class="android.widget.EditText"]') </pre>
- Java 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.findElement(By.xpath(\ "//*[@class=\"android.widget.EditText\"]")); </pre>
XPath：content-desc 属性定位
元素可以通过 content-desc 定位。
格式：
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">//*[@content-desc='content-desc 属性'] </pre>
示例代码：
- Python 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.find_element((By.XPATH,\ '//*[@content-desc="搜索"]') </pre>
- Java 版本
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">driver.findElement(By.xpath(\ "//*[@content-desc=\"搜索\"]"); </pre>
uiautomatorviewer介绍
使用 Android SDK（sdk/tools/uiautomatorviewer）路径下自带的 uiautomatorviewer 工具也可以抓取当前页面的元素。
提前配置 sdk/tools/ 路径到环境变量 $PATH 中，直接在命令行输入下面的命令：
<pre class="copy-codeblocks" style="font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 15.008px; display: block; position: relative; overflow: visible; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">uiautomatorviewer </pre>
可以打开下面这样一个页面，点击页面左上角第二个图标（Android 手机图标），就可以获取下面的 uiautomatorviewer 快照图：
[[图片上传失败...(image-78056b-1654652224421)]
1066×756 158 KB](https://ceshiren.com/uploads/default/original/3X/0/7/07e4f97a5ec92b5923d086a0371626307e879c08.png)
uiautomatorviewer 抓取快照展示出来的元素属性是经过解析的，如果想要查看 XML DOM 的真实结构可以打印 pagesource ，得到的内容如下，红色框起来的部分为上图的定位的 XML DOM 中的一个节点：
[[图片上传失败...(image-4ea33f-1654652224421)]
975×299 55.5 KB](https://ceshiren.com/uploads/default/original/3X/b/0/b0c1331009c2047a263fcd316c65bd7f31455f71.png)
通过图片分析，android.widget.TextView 是文本类型的节点，其中包含的属性信息都在上面的 uiautomatorviewer 快照图中有展示。如果只想定位 Android 系统的页面元素，可以直接使用 uiautomatorviewer，速度快并且不需要配置任何参数，直接点击获取页面的图标就可以将客户端页面抓取出来。
另外，uiautomatorviewer 只能抓取 android8 以下的版本，如果要抓取 android8 以上的版本的页面信息，可以使用 Appium Inspector 或 WEditor。
