Cis-regulatory elements
顺式调控元件
(CREs). Non-coding DNA sequences that regulate transcription of genes located on the same chromosome. They include enhancers, promoters, insulators, silencing elements and tethering elements. Different classes of CREs can be identified using a combination of molecular markers, including chromatin accessibility and epigenetic modifications.
(CRE).调节位于同一染色体上的基因转录的非编码 DNA 序列。它们包括增强子、启动子、绝缘子、沉默元件和束缚元件。不同类型的 CREs 可以用分子标记的组合来鉴定，包括染色质可及性和表观遗传修饰。
Promoters 启动子
CREs located at the transcriptional start site of a gene.
位于基因转录起始位点的 CREs。
Enhancers 增强子
CREs that can activate target gene expression from a large genomic distance, ranging from several kilobases to even millions of base pairs. They can be found either upstream or downstream of the target gene promoter.
CRE 可以从很大的基因组距离激活靶基因表达，范围从几千个碱基到数百万个碱基对。它们可以在靶基因启动子的上游或下游找到。
Insulators 绝缘子
CREs that prevent an enhancer from activating a target gene when placed between the enhancer and gene promoter but not when placed outside. An insulator also refers to a boundary element that can prevent the spreading of heterochromatin into euchromatic regions.
当放置在增强子和基因启动子之间而不是放置在外面时，阻止增强子激活靶基因的 CREs。绝缘体也是指可以防止异染色质扩散到常色区域的边界元件。
Silencer elements 消音器元件
CREs that can be located close or distal to the transcriptional start site of the target gene. Silencers are bound by repressive transcription factors to inactivate gene expression.
位于靶基因转录起始位点附近或远端的 CREs。沉默者与抑制性转录因子结合，使基因表达失活。
Tethering elements 束缚元件
CREs that can bring together promoters and enhancers for gene activation.
CREs 可以将启动子和增强子聚集在一起进行基因激活。
Chromatin 染色质
A complex of DNA and histone proteins. The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosome.
DNA 和组蛋白的复合物。染色质的基本单位是核小体。
Histone modifications 组蛋白修饰
Covalent modifications to histone proteins, such as methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation and sumoylation, that take place at lysine, serine, threonine, arginine and other residues. Histone modifications are catalysed by a diverse panel of enzymes referred to as writers, removed by a different set of proteins known as erasers, and recognized by chromatin-binding proteins known as readers. Activity of CREs is directly linked to distinct histone modifications due to the activities of writers, erasers and readers.
组蛋白的共价修饰，如甲基化，乙酰化，磷酸化，泛素化和 SUMO 化，发生在赖氨酸，丝氨酸，苏氨酸，精氨酸和其他残基。组蛋白修饰被称为作者的多种酶催化，被称为橡皮擦的一组不同的蛋白质去除，并被称为阅读器的染色质结合蛋白识别。CRE 的活动直接与作者、橡皮擦和读者的活动导致的不同的组蛋白修饰有关。
Epigenome 表观基因组
The combined features that enable stable propagation of different gene expression patterns from the same genome sequence. These include methylation of DNA at cytosine bases (mC), chemical modification of the histone proteins, chromatin accessibility and higher-order chromatin structures.
能够从同一基因组序列中稳定繁殖不同基因表达模式的组合特征。这些包括 DNA 在胞嘧啶碱基(mC)甲基化，组蛋白的化学修饰，染色质可及性和高阶染色质结构。
Tagmentation 标签
The process by which double-stranded DNA is cleaved by the transposase Tn5, creating short DNA fragments that are simultaneously tagged with PCR adapters. Tagmentation using Tn5 preferentially occurs at accessible or open chromatin and this property is used in ATAC-seq and other related assays.
双链 DNA 被转座酶 Tn5切割的过程，产生同时被 PCR 接头标记的短 DNA 片段。使用 Tn5的标记优先发生在可获得的或开放的染色质上，这种特性用于 ATAC-seq 和其他相关的测定。
3D-chromatin organization 三维染色质组织
Folding of the chromatin fibres inside the nucleus governs the spatial proximity between genes and CREs. While complex and variable between cells, the chromatin organization exhibits certain common features, including A/B compartments, topologically associating domains and loops.
细胞核内染色质纤维的折叠控制着基因和 CREs 之间的空间接近。虽然细胞之间复杂多变，染色质组织表现出某些共同特征，包括 A/B 区室，拓扑关联域和环。
Characterizing cis-regulatory elements using single-cell epigenomics | Nature Reviews Genetics
