表达

1.This ability seemed to defy the well-known limits of short-term memory.

defy

■to refuse to obey a person, decision, law, situation, etc.对抗；违抗；反抗

•children openly defying their teachers公然与老师作对的孩子们

•A few workers have defied the majority decision and gone into work despite the strike.几个工人不顾大多数人的罢工决定自己去上班了。

造句：They always argued that children defied them to doing something rebellious.

2.a chess novice

■a person who is not experienced in a job or situation新手，初学者

•I've never driven a car before - I'm a complete novice.我以前从未开过车——完全是个新手。

造句：Everyone starts as a novice, no one is born a master.

3..And learning a bit about blindfold chess can give us a clear idea of the sorts of neurological changes that arise from such practice.

arise

■to happen发生；产生；出现

•Should the opportunity arise, I'd love to go to China.要是有机会的话，我很想去中国。

•Could you work on Saturday, should the need arise (= if it were to be necessary) ?万一有需要，你可以在星期六工作吗？

arise from

(困难，误会等)由…产生，由…引起，由…得出，起因于

•Are there any matters arising from (= caused by) the last meeting?上次会议有没有引出甚么问题？

造句：The discussion is arose from another interesting issue.

4.These years of practice make it possible for chess players to recognize patterns of chess pieces—not just their positions, but the interactions among them—at a glance.

at a glance

■if you realize something at a glance, you realize it immediately as soon as you see someone or something

I could see at a glance that it wasn’t his own work.

造句：Experienced doctor knows what’s the matter with him at a glance.

感悟

这一部分作者举了国际象棋大师Alekhine的例子，Alekhine是享有盛名的盲棋大师，更是在国际象棋史上举足轻重的人物，他一度是排名第一的大师。

在他小时候就对象棋感兴趣，每天花费大量时间在象棋上，即使在学校里上课，他脑子想的还是象棋。他就在自己的头脑里运筹帷幄，琢磨更好的走法，这对他象棋技术的提升大有裨益，也对后来下盲棋有帮助。

他下盲棋其实更多不是他最大的追求，他更喜欢象棋比赛。

盲棋比正常下象棋多的一点是无法看到棋盘，所以只能通过记忆来确定双方棋局。后来的研究表明并非象棋大师拥有足够强的记忆能力，而是他们象棋技艺足够高超，足够熟悉棋局，所以他们能够运用自己的长期记忆辅助回忆出棋局。

在我们生活中也是类似，我们常常觉得在某个领域的人对他那个领域异常敏感，能够做到许多常人做不到的事情，比如出租车司机能够迅速地找到路，而且他们记忆道路的能力远超一般人，某个新地方他可能只去一次，下次隔很久再去依然记得怎么走。

（关于这里，我觉得可能会有天赋和练习的讨论，天赋更像引人进门的序曲，要想有大的提高，必须要有练习，刻意练习提高较传统练习更大。当天赋引人走入一个感兴趣的领域的时候，它再起的作用可能就是同样的练习时间和练习方法，天赋帮助人提升得更快，能达到的水平更高。）

他们这种能力其实不是生来就有的，而是后天的刻意练习加强的。

文中提到”chunk”组块这一概念。可以理解为盖房子的砖块，一个一个小的基本元素。人们练习得多，chunk就多，也更坚固，能够盖出的房子自然远好于那些两手空空的人。

Mental representations也非常有意思。我们对一件事情越熟悉，才越有可能对它快速作出反应，反应也更准确，这些反应都变成了“下意思，潜意识”的，无需意识参与。

Amental representation(orcognitive representation), inphilosophy of mind,cognitive psychology,neuroscience, andcognitive science, is a hypothetical internal cognitivesymbolthat represents external reality,[1]or else amental processthat makes use of such a symbol: "a formal system for making explicit certain entities or types of information, together with a specification of how the system does this".

Mental representation is the mental imagery of things that are not actually present to the senses.Incontemporary philosophy, specifically in fields ofmetaphysicssuch asphilosophy of mindandontology, a mental representation is one of the prevailing ways ofexplaininganddescribingthe nature ofideasandconcepts.