名师分析：2016英语全国卷（I）试卷分析-阅读理解

前言：2016高考已然尘埃落定，拿到高考题目，每位老师的处理方式各不相同。高三老师关注哪些题目练到了或没练到，哪些知识讲到了或没讲到；高二老师关注题目难易如何，学生试做效果怎样；高一老师认真做了一遍，关注自己能拿多少分。作为凝结了命题专家大量心血与智慧的高考卷，我们一做了之显然太不划算，高考卷可以说常做常新，每做一遍都能悟到一些题目背后的东西，特别是一些命题导向、设题原则、语篇价值。高考卷于一线教师而言更重要的是传递对教学的反拨意图。本文即尝试谈一些对2016高考卷肤浅片面甚至粗鄙的看法，渴望抛砖引玉，与广大一线教师共同解读高考密码，教书育人做学问。

第Ⅰ卷

第一部分听力理解（略）

第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，满分40分)

命题分析：本部分选题通常来自英语原版书籍、报纸、杂志、网络和日常生活常见的出行、产品、活动、节日、食物、场所等的英文原版介绍资料。文体包括应用文、议论文、记叙文、说明文等。

本部分分为两小节，第一节包括4篇阅读材料，题材涉及人物介绍、祖孙同住、干细胞运送、沉默的文化差异等。配有15道多项选择题，重点考查考生理解文中具体信息的能力、作出简单判断和推理的能力、理解作者的意图、观点和态度的能力、理解主旨要义的能力以及根据上下文判断词义的能力。

第二节阅读材料的文体为说明文，共有5个小题，主要考查考生对文章整体的理解情况，包括语篇语义的连贯性和语篇的上下文逻辑关系等等。

第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)

阅读下列短文，以每题所给的四个选项(A，B，C和D)中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

A

You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?

Jane Addams(1860-1935)

Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Rachel Carson(1907-1964)

If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 bookSilent Springraised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.

Sandra Day O’Connor(1930-present)

When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. O’Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.

Rosa Parks(1913-2005)

On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in,” said Parks.

短文分析：本文属于信息类文本，主要考查考生快速获取有效信息的能力。介绍了四位杰出女性以及她们的主要事迹。也包含了对考生男女平等、自立自强的精神引领。考生根据题干问题，快速定位有效信息即可。

试题分析：

21. What is Jane Addams noted for in history?A

A. Her social work.

B. Her teaching skills.

C. Her efforts to win a prize.

D. Her community background.

本小题考查考生理解文中具体信息的能力。

首先迅速找到Jane Addams段落。本段第一句“Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.任何被社会工作者帮助过的人都要感谢Jane Addams。”已经提供了足够的暗示，下文的 “helped the poor and worked for peace...creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need”进一步验证了她从事的社会工作。解本题的关键是要抓住题干的核心词be noted for（因为……而知名），直接与本段第一句相呼应。学生出错是因为没抓住题干核心词或没读懂本段第一句，还有部分学生选择C项，C项属于明显偷换概念，它强调的是为了得奖而付出的努力。

22. What was the reason for O’Connor’s being rejected by the law firm?C

A. Her lack of proper training in law.

B. Her little work experience in court.

C. The discrimination against women.

D. The poor financial conditions.

本小题考查考生理解文中具体信息的能力。

首先迅速找到O’Connor段落。根据本段“she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman”可知她被拒绝是因为她是女性，这是对女性的性别歧视。本题学生出错多半是因为discrimination一词不熟悉。

23. Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the U.S.?D

A. Jane Addams.   B. Rachel Carson.     C. Sandra Day O’Connor.   D.Rosa Parks.

本小题考查考生理解文中具体信息的能力。

首先找到civil-rights movement段落。根据本段“kicked off the civil-rights movement”可知它所描述的人是本段标题中的Rosa Parks。本题的难点在于对句中kick off的理解，由“足球比赛的开球”引申为“（事件的）开始”，熟词生意。

24. What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?C

A. They are highly educated.     B. They are truly creative.

C. They are pioneers.           D. They are peace-lovers.

本小题考查考生简单判断和推理的能力。

题干其实是要求学生找出文中四位女性的共同点，但她们的事迹各不相同，共同点只能是从各自的事迹中推理出同类的部分。由第二段的“...Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize”,第三段的“If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today”，第四段的“...the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court”，第五段的“...kicked off the civil-rights movement”可知，她们都是自己领域的第一人，故“They are pioneers”。

备考建议：信息类文本属于必考篇目，以考察学生查找事实细节能力为主。备考时注意培养学生正确的解题思路，训练学生从文中迅速定位查找特定信息的能力。

B

Grandparents Answer a Call

As a third-generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned to move away. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children, she politely refused. Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms. Garza finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.

No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama’s mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents.com, 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson’s decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.

“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,” says Christine Crosby, publisher ofGrand, a magazine for grandparents. “We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.”

Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.

短文分析：本文是一篇关于人与社会问题的报道类夹叙夹议文本，通过描述部分祖父母选择搬去和孩子们生活在一起，以便为孩子们提供帮助，引发更多人的选择与思考。包含了考查考生对某种社会现象的观察与思考能力，同时弘扬了爱幼与尊老的美德。题目设置上考查了获取细节类具体信息的能力，同时也考查了考生对某个事实的理解判断能力。考生可根据题干问题，定位有效信息，再进行甄别思考。

试题分析：

25. Why was Garza’s move a success?A

A．It strengthened her family ties.

B．It improved her living conditions.

C．It enabled her to make more friends.

D．It helped her know more new places.

本小题考查考生理解文中具体信息的能力。

根据第一段最后一句“Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.”可知这次搬家给他们带来了更紧密的家庭联系。

26. What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision?D

A．17% expressed their support for it.

B．Few people responded sympathetically.

C．83% believed it had a bad influence.

D．The majority thought it was a trend.

本小题考查考生理解文中具体信息的能力。

根据第二段结尾处“...83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson’s decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.”可知83%的人认为Mrs. Robinson的决定会影响美国家庭，2/3的人相信更多家庭会效仿，所以“多数人认为这是一种趋势。”

27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?C

A．They were unsure of themselves.

B．They were eager to raise more children.

C．They wanted to live away from their parents.

D．They had little respect for their grandparents.

本小题考查考生简单判断和推理的能力。

根据第三段第一句“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,”可知那时的人们一心希望离家越远越好、越快越好。本题出错主要原因在于考生对“can’t...enough表示越……越好”不熟悉，而按字面理解成了“没能力离家足够远”。

28. What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph?A

A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own.

B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them.

C. Sacrifice for their struggling children.

D. Get to know themselves better.

本小题考查作者的观点态度。

第四段首句“Moving is not for everyone”已经说明“移居并非适合每一个人”，再结合下文“Having yourgrandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.”可知“（祖父母）得知孩子们在异地艰苦的生活，是很难过的，但（祖父母）放弃自己熟悉的生活也许会更难过”，所以推断出作者建议“作选择时要慎重，要以自己最大的需求为衡量标准”。

备考建议：社会现象类的文本是备考的重要部分，此类文本不仅要求学生读懂事实信息，还要理解作者的意图态度。所以备考中注意扫清用词句式等阅读障碍，更要教会学生读懂字里行间话外之音。题目设置上既关注细节信息，又关注推理判断和观点态度。

C

I am peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cellcourier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips—of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞)in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.

I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said: “Well, I’m really sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you — there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said: “In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient — please, please, you’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed (改道) me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.

For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life.

短文分析：本文是一篇记叙文，讲述作者是一名志愿者，在一次运送干细胞时遭遇到飓风，航班推迟，在机场工作人员热心帮助下改道Newark顺利完成任务的故事。无论是作者的志愿者身份，还是机场工作人员的无私帮助，都体现了助人为乐予人玫瑰的积极思想。本文无论是文章内容还是题目设置，都比较简单。

试题分析：

29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1?B

A. provider         B. delivery man    C. collector       D. medical doctor

本小题考查考生词义猜测的能力。

根据“...I’ve done 89 trips of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box...”可知我的任务就是运送干细胞，所以猜测词义为“运送人员”。

30. Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours?D

A. He cannot stay away from his job too long.

B. The donor can only wait for that long.

C. The operation needs that much time.

D. The ice won’t last any longer.

本小题考查考生理解文中具体信息的能力。

根据第一段“...because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last”可知作者的两个冰袋只能维持这么长时间。

31. Which flight did the woman put Peter on first?B

A. To London.    B. To Newark.       C. To Providence.    D. To Washington.

本小题考查考生理解文中具体信息的能力。

根据第二段“She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed me through Newark...”可知作者途经Newark再返回UK。此题考生出错主要是被“...got me back to the UK”所干扰，忽视了细节。

备考建议：记叙文属于高考必备篇目。本题型通常文本较简单，多采用第一人称视角，给考生以身临其境的直观感受。题目设置上以考查具体信息为主。备考时主要培养学生阅读速度与精度，考查学生是否能迅速抓住大意并准确找到题目出处的能力和适当结合文章内容推理判断等的能力。

D

The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (间隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs.

Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.

Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.

Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.

短文分析：本文是一篇说明文。介绍了沉默在不同文化中的不同含义以及对沉默的积极利用。考查了学生对不熟悉事物的理解能力，搞清是什么、为什么、怎么用。同时这篇素材也是对学生跨文化交际意识培养的积极暗示。

试题分析：

32.What does the author say about silence in conversations?C

A. It implies anger.              B. It promotes friendship.

C. It is culture-specific.           D. It is content-based.

本小题考查考生把握文章大意的能力。其实就是解决“是什么”的问题。

沉默是什么？根据文章前三段段首句“The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups”“Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people”和“Other cultures may use silence in other ways...”可知沉默在不同文化中是有特定含义的。

33.Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?A

A. The Chinese.    B. The French.    C. The Mexicans.     D. The Russians.

本小题考查考生理解文中具体信息的能力。

根据第二段最后一句“In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.”可知，这些文化中沉默代表思考。再结合上文，“这些文化”包括“Many Native Americans...some traditional Chinese and Thai persons”。本题部分考生出错的原因是对reflection一词词义不熟悉，没能迅速找到关键定位词。

34.What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?D

A. Let it continue as the patient pleases.

B. Break it while treating patients.

C. Evaluate its harm to patients.

D. Make use of its healing effects.

本小题考查考生理解文中具体信息的能力。

根据最后一句“A nurse who understands the healingvalue of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.”可知作者建议医护人员要利用沉默的治愈价值。

35.What may be the best title for the text?B

A. Sound and Silence

B. What It Means to Be Silent

C. Silence to Native Americans

D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold

本小题考查考生把握全文主旨大意的能力。

最佳标题解决的还是“是什么”的问题，通篇都在介绍沉默的不同含义，故答案不难选出。

备考建议：说明文通常介绍的主体较陌生、话题较生疏、词汇偏生僻，在备考中学生首要任务就是务必搞清楚文章说了什么，即“是什么”，有时还要明白来龙，即“为什么”，还可能要理解它的去脉，即“怎么用”。此类文本通常较枯燥，考验学生的阅读品质，词汇量也是制约学生得分的重要因素。