requests库的使用

一、requests库的使用

import requests

1. 传递url参数

response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get?key=value')

# 获取文本
response.text

'{\n  "args": {\n    "key": "value"\n  }, \n  "headers": {\n    "Accept": "*/*", \n    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", \n    "Host": "httpbin.org", \n    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.24.0", \n    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-619e2abc-63d0aef91d7dfeff711a34f7"\n  }, \n  "origin": "118.250.183.181", \n  "url": "http://httpbin.org/get?key=value"\n}\n'

import json
json.loads(response.text)

{'args': {'key': 'value'},
 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*',
  'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
  'Host': 'httpbin.org',
  'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.24.0',
  'X-Amzn-Trace-Id': 'Root=1-619e2abc-63d0aef91d7dfeff711a34f7'},
 'origin': '118.250.183.181',
 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get?key=value'}

# 当接口返回josn格式的字符串时
response.json()

{'args': {'key': 'value'},
 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*',
  'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
  'Host': 'httpbin.org',
  'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.24.0',
  'X-Amzn-Trace-Id': 'Root=1-619e2abc-63d0aef91d7dfeff711a34f7'},
 'origin': '118.250.183.181',
 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get?key=value'}

response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get?username=zlf')

response.json()

{'args': {'username': 'zlf'},
 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*',
  'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
  'Host': 'httpbin.org',
  'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.24.0',
  'X-Amzn-Trace-Id': 'Root=1-619e2b55-156a69724b0bb0093d0d7967'},
 'origin': '118.250.183.181',
 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get?username=zlf'}

# url参数如果是动态的怎么办
# url需要动态拼接,这种操作频繁，requests已经解决
# url = 'http://httpbin.org/get{}'.format() 
# 把参数字典传递给params参数
args = {'username': 'zlf', 'password': '123456'}
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', params=args)
response.json()

{'args': {'password': '123456', 'username': 'zlf'},
 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*',
  'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
  'Host': 'httpbin.org',
  'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.24.0',
  'X-Amzn-Trace-Id': 'Root=1-619e2c13-1c5de0351160481e043c1ea0'},
 'origin': '118.250.183.181',
 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get?username=zlf&password=123456'}

2. 传递表单参数

# 把参数字典传递给data参数
args = {'username': 'zlf', 'password': '123456'}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=args)
response.json()

{'args': {},
 'data': '',
 'files': {},
 'form': {'password': '123456', 'username': 'zlf'},
 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*',
  'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
  'Content-Length': '43',
  'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
  'Host': 'httpbin.org',
  'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.24.0',
  'X-Amzn-Trace-Id': 'Root=1-619e2d03-0074e81733e5cad202ebd812'},
 'json': None,
 'origin': '118.250.183.181',
 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/post'}

3. 传递json参数

# 把参数字典传递给json参数
args = {'username': 'zlf', 'password': '123456'}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', json=args)
response.json()

{'args': {},
 'data': '{"username": "\\u5fc3\\u84dd", "password": "123456"}',
 'files': {},
 'form': {},
 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*',
  'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
  'Content-Length': '50',
  'Content-Type': 'application/json',
  'Host': 'httpbin.org',
  'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.24.0',
  'X-Amzn-Trace-Id': 'Root=1-619e2d74-5565e8fd5cb8f24c55e92648'},
 'json': {'password': '123456', 'username': 'zlf'},
 'origin': '118.250.183.181',
 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/post'}

4. 上传文件

# 传递给files参数
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
files = {'file': open('test.jpg', 'rb')}
response = requests.post(url, files=files)
response.json()

5. 自定义headers

# 传递参数给headers参数
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', headers={'X-Lemonban-Media-Type': 'lemonban.v1'})
response.json()

{'args': {},
 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*',
  'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
  'Host': 'httpbin.org',
  'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.24.0',
  'X-Amzn-Trace-Id': 'Root=1-619e301b-22c89e38361831454adbb197',
  'X-Lemonban-Media-Type': 'lemonban.v1'},
 'origin': '175.8.49.149',
 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'}

6. 自定义cookies

# 传递给参数cookies
cookies = {'times': '10000'}
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', cookies=cookies)
response.json()

{'args': {},
 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*',
  'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
  'Cookie': 'times=10000',
  'Host': 'httpbin.org',
  'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.24.0',
  'X-Amzn-Trace-Id': 'Root=1-619e309a-34d678bf65cfd27804779a39'},
 'origin': '175.8.49.149',
 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'}

7.设置代理

# 传递代理字典参数给proxies参数
proxies = {
    'http': 'http://xxx.xxx.xxx:xxxx',
    'https': 'http://xxx.xxx.xxx:xxxx'
}
requests.get('http://example.org', proxies=proxies)

8. 重定向

# requests它默认像浏览器一样工作，当它碰到重定向的时候，会自动跳转
# 设置参数allow_redirects=False阻止它自动跳转
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/94.0.4606.61 Safari/537.36'}
response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com', allow_redirects=False, headers=headers)
response

<Response [302]>

9. 禁止证书验证


# 参数verify=False,但是会有警告
from requests.packages.urllib3.exceptions import InsecureRequestWarning
# 禁用安全请求警告
requests.packages.urllib3.disable_warnings(InsecureRequestWarning)
response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com', verify=False)
response

<Response [200]>

10.设置超时

# timeout
response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com', timeout=0.01)
response

二、发送HTTP请求模块封装

1. 使用requests库访问接口

url = 'http://api.lemonban.com/futureloan/member/register'
data = {
    'mobile_phone': 15873061777,
    'pwd': '12345678',
    'type': 0,
    'reg_name': 'zlf'
}
headers = {
    'X-Lemonban-Media-Type': 'lemonban.v1'
}
response = requests.post(url=url, json=data, headers=headers)

help(requests.get)
Help on function get in module requests.api:

get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
    Sends a GET request.
    
    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
        in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response

response.json()

{'code': 0,
 'msg': 'OK',
 'data': {'id': 262312, 'reg_name': 'zlf', 'mobile_phone': '15873061777'},
 'copyright': ' All Rights Reserved'}

2. 功能分析

可以根据用例数据动态的

  1. 向不同url发送http请求
  2. 发送各种方法的http请求
  3. 可以携带各种参数

3. 封装成函数

封装思路：

  1. 输入参数为url，method，和需要携带的各种参数以及请求头等，与requests的原生形参一致
  2. 可以使用关键字动态参数解决参数过多的问题
  3. 根据传入的method，发送对应的请求

在common文件夹下创建make_requests.py模块，在其中编写如下函数：

def send_http_request(url, method='GET', **kwargs):
    """
    发送http请求
    :param url: 接口url
    :param method: http请求方法
    :param kwargs: 接受requests原生请求的关键字参数
    :return: 响应对象
    """
    # 把方法名统一小写化
    method = method.lower()
    # 根据传入的方法名发送对应的请求
    if method == 'get':
        res = requests.get(url, **kwargs)
    elif method == 'post':
        res = requests.post(url, **kwargs)
    elif method == 'put':
        res = requests.put(url, **kwargs)
    elif method == 'delete':
        res = requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
    elif method == 'patch':
        res = requests.patch(url, **kwargs)
    else:
        raise ValueError('请输入正确的请求方法')
    return res

代码逻辑请求，但是冗余，菜鸟级的代码。面向对象里的反射，改写上面的代码

getattr(requests, 'get')()

<function requests.api.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)>

requests.get()

<function requests.api.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)>

def send_http_request(url, method='get', **kwargs):
    """
    发送http请求
    :param url: 接口url
    :param method: http请求方法
    :param kwargs: 接受requests原生请求的关键字参数
    :return: 响应对象
    """
    # 把方法名统一小写化
    method = method.lower()
    return getattr(requests, method)(url, **kwargs)

提现不了工作量

三、注册接口测试

1. 步骤

1. 测试数据

  1. 读取excel里的用例数据
  2. 解析请求数据，解析期望数据

2. 测试流程

  1. 根据请求数据发送请求并获取响应结果

3. 断言

  1. 响应状态码断言
  2. 响应数据断言
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