Flask简介
Flask是什么
Flask 是一个 Python 实现的 Web 开发微框架,
轻量级Web 开发框架
Flask 依赖两个外部库： Jinja2 模板引擎和 Werkzeug WSGI 工具集
虚拟环境[1]
作用
虚拟环境可以搭建独立的python运行环境, 使得单个项目的运行环境与其它项目互不影响.
Hello Flask
一个最小的Flask[2]
# 从flask 模块导入Flask 类
from flask import Flask
# 得到Flask 类的实例对象 app
app = Flask(__name__)
# 使用路由 为URL 绑定视图函数
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
return 'Hello World!'
if __name__ == '__main__':
# 运行
app.run()
引用
- 首先，我们导入了 Flask 类。这个类的实例将会是我们的 WSGI 应用程序。
- 接下来，我们创建一个该类的实例，第一个参数是应用模块或者包的名称。 如果你使用单一的模块（如本例），你应该使用 name ，因为模块的名称将会因其作为单独应用启动还是作为模块导入而有不同（ 也即是 'main' 或实际的导入名）。这是必须的，这样 Flask 才知道到哪去找模板、静态文件等等。详情见 Flask 的文档。
- 然后，我们使用 route() 装饰器告诉 Flask 什么样的URL 能触发我们的函数。这个函数的名字也在生成 URL 时被特定的函数采用，这个函数返回我们想要显示在用户浏览器中的信息。
- 最后我们用 run() 函数来让应用运行在本地服务器上。 其中 if name == 'main': 确保服务器只会在该脚本被 Python 解释器直接执行的时候才会运行，而不是作为模块导入的时候。
探究Flask类
import_name 与root_path
flask 类的 init魔法方法
# 基于1.0.2 版本
# Flask __init__ 魔法方法
class Flask(_PackageBoundObject):
# ...(省略)...
def __init__(
self,
import_name,
static_url_path=None,
static_folder='static',
static_host=None,
host_matching=False,
subdomain_matching=False,
template_folder='templates',
instance_path=None,
instance_relative_config=False,
root_path=None
):
_PackageBoundObject.__init__(
self,
import_name,
template_folder=template_folder,
root_path=root_path
)
if static_url_path is not None:
self.static_url_path = static_url_path
if static_folder is not None:
self.static_folder = static_folder
if instance_path is None:
instance_path = self.auto_find_instance_path()
elif not os.path.isabs(instance_path):
raise ValueError(
'If an instance path is provided it must be absolute.'
' A relative path was given instead.'
)
self.instance_path = instance_path
self.config = self.make_config(instance_relative_config)
self.view_functions = {}
self.error_handler_spec = {}
self.url_build_error_handlers = []
self.before_request_funcs = {}
self.before_first_request_funcs = []
self.after_request_funcs = {}
self.teardown_request_funcs = {}
self.teardown_appcontext_funcs = []
self.url_value_preprocessors = {}
self.url_default_functions = {}
self.template_context_processors = {
None: [_default_template_ctx_processor]
}
self.shell_context_processors = []
self.blueprints = {}
self._blueprint_order = []
self.extensions = {}
self.url_map = Map()
self.url_map.host_matching = host_matching
self.subdomain_matching = subdomain_matching
self._got_first_request = False
self._before_request_lock = Lock()
if self.has_static_folder:
assert bool(static_host) == host_matching, 'Invalid static_host/host_matching combination'
self.add_url_rule(
self.static_url_path + '/<path:filename>',
endpoint='static',
host=static_host,
view_func=self.send_static_file
)
self.cli = cli.AppGroup(self.name)
# ...(省略)...
从上面可以看出Flask 继承自_PackageBoundObject 类,在Flask 的init 魔法方法中调用了父类_PackageBoundObject init 魔法方法.
_PackageBoundObject 类
class _PackageBoundObject(object):
# ...(省略)...
def __init__(self, import_name, template_folder=None, root_path=None):
self.import_name = import_name
self.template_folder = template_folder
if root_path is None:
root_path = get_root_path(self.import_name)
self.root_path = root_path
self._static_folder = None
self._static_url_path = None
# ...(省略)...
flask 通过调用父类_PackageBoundObject 初始化方法设置import_name / template_folder / root_path 实例属性的值. root_path 属性的值是使用import_name 属性作为参数,调用get_root_path方法得到的.
get_root_path
def get_root_path(import_name):
"""Returns the path to a package or cwd if that cannot be found. This
returns the path of a package or the folder that contains a module.
Not to be confused with the package path returned by :func:`find_package`.
"""
# Module already imported and has a file attribute. Use that first.
mod = sys.modules.get(import_name)
print(mod)
if mod is not None and hasattr(mod, '__file__'):
return os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(mod.__file__))
# ...(省略)...
# 实验
# print("# *" * 20)
# print()
# print(sys.modules.get("__main__"))
# print(sys.modules.get(__name__).__dict__)
# print(hasattr(sys.modules.get(__name__), '__file__'))
# print(os.path.abspath(sys.modules.get(__name__).__file__))
# print(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(sys.modules.get(__name__).__file__)))
# print()
# print("# *" * 20)
# 实验结果
# # *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *
#
# <module '__main__' from 'E:/workspace/git/flask/demo/demo.py'>
# {'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__package__': None, '__loader__': <_frozen_importlib_external.SourceFileLoader object at 0x017C5630>, '__spec__': None, '__annotations__': {}, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '__file__': 'E:/workspace/git/flask/demo/demo.py', '__cached__': None, 'os': <module 'os' from 'D:\\software\\Python\\lib\\os.py'>, 'sys': <module 'sys' (built-in)>, 'Flask': <class 'flask.app.Flask'>, 'app': <Flask 'demo'>, 'index': <function index at 0x036235D0>}
# True
# E:\workspace\git\flask\demo\demo.py
# E:\workspace\git\flask\demo
#
# # *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *
通过这里可以更直观的看出 root_path 得到的是主模块所在的目录的绝对路径
static_url_path与static_folder
参数注释
:param static_url_path: can be used to specify a different path for the
static files on the web. Defaults to the name
of the `static_folder` folder.
:param static_folder: the folder with static files that should be served
at `static_url_path`. Defaults to the ``'static'``
folder in the root path of the application.
实验
demo.py
from flask import Flask, render_template
app = Flask(__name__, static_url_path="/stat",
static_folder='static')
@app.route('/')
def index():
return render_template("index.html")
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)
index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<script type="text/javascript" src="../stat/js/main.js"></script>
</head>
</html>
main.js
window.onload = function () {
alert("I'm DragonFang");
};
实验结果
# 127.0.0.1 - - [12/Jun/2018 09:39:48] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
# 127.0.0.1 - - [12/Jun/2018 09:39:48] "GET /stat/js/main.js HTTP/1.1" 200 -
# 127.0.0.1 - - [12/Jun/2018 09:40:09] "GET /static/js/main.js HTTP/1.1" 404 -
测试目录结构
01-测试目录结构.png
通过测试以及目录结构可以得出, 当static_url_path 和 static_folder 同时存在时, static_url_path代替static_folder 指明了静态资源的路径
static_url_path / static_folder / static_host / host_matching
# :param static_host: the host to use when adding the static route.
# Defaults to None. Required when using ``host_matching=True``
# with a ``static_folder`` configured.
# :param host_matching: set ``url_map.host_matching`` attribute.
# Defaults to False.
# init魔法方法部分
if self.has_static_folder:
assert bool(static_host) == host_matching, 'Invalid static_host/host_matching combination'
self.add_url_rule(
self.static_url_path + '/<path:filename>',
endpoint='static',
host=static_host,
view_func=self.send_static_file
)
# add_url_rule 方法
@setupmethod
def add_url_rule(self, rule, endpoint=None, view_func=None,
provide_automatic_options=None, **options):
if endpoint is None:
endpoint = _endpoint_from_view_func(view_func)
options['endpoint'] = endpoint
methods = options.pop('methods', None)
if methods is None:
methods = getattr(view_func, 'methods', None) or ('GET',)
if isinstance(methods, string_types):
raise TypeError('Allowed methods have to be iterables of strings, '
'for example: @app.route(..., methods=["POST"])')
methods = set(item.upper() for item in methods)
required_methods = set(getattr(view_func, 'required_methods', ()))
if provide_automatic_options is None:
provide_automatic_options = getattr(view_func,
'provide_automatic_options', None)
if provide_automatic_options is None:
if 'OPTIONS' not in methods:
provide_automatic_options = True
required_methods.add('OPTIONS')
else:
provide_automatic_options = False
methods |= required_methods
rule = self.url_rule_class(rule, methods=methods, **options)
rule.provide_automatic_options = provide_automatic_options
self.url_map.add(rule)
if view_func is not None:
old_func = self.view_functions.get(endpoint)
if old_func is not None and old_func != view_func:
raise AssertionError('View function mapping is overwriting an '
'existing endpoint function: %s' % endpoint)
self.view_functions[endpoint] = view_func
实验
demo.py
from flask import Flask, render_template, request
# host_matching 和 static_host 组合更改静态资源的访问地址(主机:端口)
# 结合 static_url_path 指定文件
app = Flask(__name__, host_matching=True, static_host="192.168.70.48:13579", static_url_path="/stat")
@app.route('/', host="127.0.0.1:13579")
def index():
print(app.url_map)
print(app.url_map.host_matching)
return render_template("index.html")
@app.errorhandler(404)
def catch_404(error):
print()
print("#" * 50)
print(app.url_map)
print(app.url_map.host_matching)
return request.url + "\n error %s" % 404, 404
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True, host="0.0.0.0", port=13579)
index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
{# <base> 标签为页面上的所有链接规定默认地址或默认目标。 #}
<base href="http://192.168.70.48:13579"/>
<base target="_blank"/>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<script type="text/javascript" src="../stat/js/main.js"></script>
</head>
</html>
实验结果
Map([<Rule '127.0.0.1:13579|/' (OPTIONS, HEAD, GET) -> index>,
<Rule '192.168.70.48:13579|/stat/<filename>' (OPTIONS, HEAD, GET) -> static>])
True
127.0.0.1 - - [14/Jun/2018 10:59:43] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
通过实验可以发现 static_url_path / static_folder / static_host / host_matching 四者结合使用可以访问资源服务器上的指定文件夹下的资源
subdomain_matching
官方文档
consider the subdomain relative to SERVER_NAME when matching routes. Defaults to False.
机翻 : 在匹配路由时，考虑相对于server_name的子域。默认为false。
实验一 (无subdomain_matching)
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, url_for
app = Flask(__name__)
app.config["SERVER_NAME"] = "test.dev:13579"
@app.route('/')
def index():
print(request.url)
print(app.url_map)
return render_template("index.html")
@app.route("/", subdomain="blog")
def blog_home():
print(request.url)
print(app.url_map)
return render_template("index.html")
@app.errorhandler(404)
def catch_404(error):
print()
print("#" * 50)
print(app.url_map)
print(app.url_map.host_matching)
return request.url + "\n error %s" % 404, 404
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True, host="0.0.0.0", port=13579)
实验结果
# http://test.dev:13579/
# Map([<Rule 'blog|/' (GET, HEAD, OPTIONS) -> blog_home>,
# <Rule '/' (GET, HEAD, OPTIONS) -> index>,
# <Rule '/static/<filename>' (GET, HEAD, OPTIONS) -> static>])
# 192.168.70.48 - - [14/Jun/2018 20:57:27] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
#
#
# http://blog.test.dev:13579/
# Map([<Rule 'blog|/' (GET, HEAD, OPTIONS) -> blog_home>,
# <Rule '/' (GET, HEAD, OPTIONS) -> index>,
# <Rule '/static/<filename>' (GET, HEAD, OPTIONS) -> static>])
# 192.168.70.48 - - [14/Jun/2018 20:57:39] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
实验二 (有subdomain_matching)
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, url_for
# 设置subdomain_matching=True
app = Flask(__name__, subdomain_matching=True)
app.config["SERVER_NAME"] = "test.dev:13579"
@app.route('/')
def index():
print(request.url)
print(app.url_map)
return render_template("index.html")
@app.route("/", subdomain="blog")
def blog_home():
print(request.url)
print(app.url_map)
return render_template("index.html")
@app.errorhandler(404)
def catch_404(error):
print()
print("#" * 50)
print(app.url_map)
print(app.url_map.host_matching)
return request.url + "\n error %s" % 404, 404
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True, host="0.0.0.0", port=13579)
实验结果
# http://test.dev:13579/
# Map([<Rule 'blog|/' (GET, HEAD, OPTIONS) -> blog_home>,
# <Rule '/' (GET, HEAD, OPTIONS) -> index>,
# <Rule '/static/<filename>' (GET, HEAD, OPTIONS) -> static>])
# 192.168.70.48 - - [14/Jun/2018 20:57:27] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
#
#
# http://blog.test.dev:13579/
# Map([<Rule 'blog|/' (GET, HEAD, OPTIONS) -> blog_home>,
# <Rule '/' (GET, HEAD, OPTIONS) -> index>,
# <Rule '/static/<filename>' (GET, HEAD, OPTIONS) -> static>])
# 192.168.70.48 - - [14/Jun/2018 20:57:39] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
通过实验并未发现subdomain_matching 为True与 False的区别.##TODO 待解
template_folder
官方文档
the folder that contains the templates that should
be used by the application. Defaults to
'templates'folder in the root path of the
application.
用于设置模板文件存放的文件夹的名字
实验
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, url_for
app = Flask(__name__, template_folder="temp")
@app.route('/')
def index():
print(request.url)
print(app.url_map)
return render_template("index.html")
@app.errorhandler(404)
def catch_404(error):
print()
print("#" * 50)
print(app.url_map)
print(app.url_map.host_matching)
return request.url + "\n error %s" % 404, 404
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True, host="0.0.0.0", port=13579)
项目目录
02-测试目录结构.png
实验结果
# http://127.0.0.1:13579/
# Map([<Rule '/' (OPTIONS, HEAD, GET) -> index>,
# <Rule '/static/<filename>' (OPTIONS, HEAD, GET) -> static>])
# 127.0.0.1 - - [14/Jun/2018 21:21:29] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 -
# Traceback (most recent call last):
#
# ...(省略)...
#
# File "E:\workspace\git\flask\flask\templating.py", line 86, in _get_source_fast
# raise TemplateNotFound(template)
# jinja2.exceptions.TemplateNotFound: index.html
instance_path 和 instance_relative_config
官方文档
:param instance_path: An alternative instance path for the application.
By default the folder'instance'next to the package or module is assumed to be the instance path.
:param instance_relative_config: if set toTruerelative filenames
for loading the config are assumed to be relative to the instance path
instead of the application root.
实验 instance_relative_config=True
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, url_for
app = Flask(__name__, instance_relative_config=True)
app.config.from_pyfile("config.py")
@app.route('/')
def index():
print(app.instance_path)
return render_template("index.html")
@app.errorhandler(404)
def catch_404(error):
print()
return request.url + "\n error %s" % 404, 404
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=13579)
实验结果
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "E:/workspace/git/flask/demo/demo.py", line 6, in <module>
app.config.from_pyfile("config.py")
File "E:\workspace\git\flask\flask\config.py", line 129, in from_pyfile
with open(filename, mode='rb') as config_file:
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] Unable to load configuration file (No such file or directory): 'E:\\workspace\\git\\flask\\demo\\instance\\config.py'
无法从E:\workspace\git\flask\demo\instance\ 路径下加载配置实例
实验 instance_relative_config 和 instance_path
两者配合从版本控制外加载配置信息
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, url_for
app = Flask(__name__, instance_path="E:\\workspace\\", instance_relative_config=True)
app.config.from_pyfile("config.py")
@app.route('/')
def index():
print(app.instance_path)
return render_template("index.html")
@app.errorhandler(404)
def catch_404(error):
print()
return request.url + "\n error %s" % 404, 404
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=13579)
config.py
DEBUG = True
实验结果
D:\software\Python\python.exe E:/workspace/git/flask/demo/demo.py
* Serving Flask app "demo" (lazy loading)
* Environment: production
WARNING: Do not use the development server in a production environment.
Use a production WSGI server instead.
* Debug mode: on
* Restarting with stat
* Debugger is active!
* Debugger PIN: 321-943-347
* Running on http://0.0.0.0:13579/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
总结:
- import_name: 应用程序的另一种实例路径。默认情况下，包或模块旁边的文件夹 instance 被假定为实例路径。
- root_path: 默认情况下,flask将自动计算引用程序根的绝对路径, 由import_name 决定.
- instance_path 和 instance_relative_config 共同作用,可以改变由import_name 实例路径, 掩藏敏感配置[3]
- static_folder 指定了静态资源的路径. 默认情况下,底层实际上是通过static_folder 确定了 static_url_path,
然后通过 self.static_url_path + '/<path:filename>'注册的静态资源路由. - 当static_url_path 和 static_folder 同时存在时, 系统会直接使用 self.static_url_path + '/<path:filename>'注册的静态资源路由.
- static_host 和 host_matching 同时作用可以改变静态资资源存放的主机, 既可以从资源服务器读取资源.
- static_url_path / static_folder / static_host / host_matching 四者结合使用可以访问资源服务器上的指定文件夹下的资源
- template_folder 设置模板文件
- subdomain_matching 支持子域名, 结合app.config["SERVER_NAME"] = "域名:端口" 使用.
TODO遗留问题
通过实验并未发现subdomain_matching 为True与 False的区别.##TODO 待解
到此结 DragonFangQy 2018.6.15
