AQS是AbstractQueuedSynchronizer的简称。AQS提供了一种实现阻塞锁和一系列依赖FIFO等待队列的同步器的框架，如下图所示。AQS为一系列同步器依赖于一个单独的原子变量（state）的同步器提供了一个非常有用的基础。子类们必须定义改变state变量的protected方法，这些方法定义了state是如何被获取或释放的。鉴于此，本类中的其他方法执行所有的排队和阻塞机制。子类也可以维护其他的state变量，但是为了保证同步，必须原子地操作这些变量。

AQS.png

state状态

  AbstractQueuedSynchronizer维护了一个volatile int类型的变量，用户表示当前同步状态。volatile虽然不能保证操作的原子性，但是保证了当前变量state的可见性。至于volatile的具体语义，可以参考相关文章。state的访问方式有三种:

• getState()
• setState()
• compareAndSetState()

  这三种叫做均是原子操作，其中compareAndSetState的实现依赖于Unsafe的compareAndSwapInt()方法。代码实现如下：

    /**
     * The synchronization state.
     */
    private volatile int state;
  
    /**
     * Returns the current value of synchronization state.
     * This operation has memory semantics of a {@code volatile} read.
     * @return current state value
     */
    protected final int getState() {
        return state;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the value of synchronization state.
     * This operation has memory semantics of a {@code volatile} write.
     * @param newState the new state value
     */
    protected final void setState(int newState) {
        state = newState;
    }

    /**
     * Atomically sets synchronization state to the given updated
     * value if the current state value equals the expected value.
     * This operation has memory semantics of a {@code volatile} read
     * and write.
     *
     * @param expect the expected value
     * @param update the new value
     * @return {@code true} if successful. False return indicates that the actual
     *         value was not equal to the expected value.
     */
    protected final boolean compareAndSetState(int expect, int update) {
        // See below for intrinsics setup to support this
        return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, expect, update);
    }

自定义资源共享方式

  AQS定义两种资源共享方式：Exclusive（独占，只有一个线程能执行，如ReentrantLock）和Share（共享，多个线程可同时执行，如Semaphore/CountDownLatch）。
  不同的自定义同步器争用共享资源的方式也不同。自定义同步器在实现时只需要实现共享资源state的获取与释放方式即可，至于具体线程等待队列的维护（如获取资源失败入队/唤醒出队等），AQS已经在顶层实现好了。自定义同步器实现时主要实现以下几种方法：

• isHeldExclusively()：该线程是否正在独占资源。只有用到condition才需要去实现它。
• tryAcquire(int)：独占方式。尝试获取资源，成功则返回true，失败则返回false。
• tryRelease(int)：独占方式。尝试释放资源，成功则返回true，失败则返回false。
• tryAcquireShared(int)：共享方式。尝试获取资源。负数表示失败；0表示成功，但没有剩余可用资源；正数表示成功，且有剩余资源。
• tryReleaseShared(int)：共享方式。尝试释放资源，如果释放后允许唤醒后续等待结点返回true，否则返回false。

源码实现

  接下来我们开始开始讲解AQS的源码实现。依照acquire-release、acquireShared-releaseShared的次序来。

1. acquire(int)

    acquire是一种以独占方式获取资源，如果获取到资源，线程直接返回，否则进入等待队列，直到获取到资源为止，且整个过程忽略中断的影响。该方法是独占模式下线程获取共享资源的顶层入口。获取到资源后，线程就可以去执行其临界区代码了。下面是acquire()的源码：

/**
     * Acquires in exclusive mode, ignoring interrupts.  Implemented
     * by invoking at least once {@link #tryAcquire},
     * returning on success.  Otherwise the thread is queued, possibly
     * repeatedly blocking and unblocking, invoking {@link
     * #tryAcquire} until success.  This method can be used
     * to implement method {@link Lock#lock}.
     *
     * @param arg the acquire argument.  This value is conveyed to
     *        {@link #tryAcquire} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
     *        can represent anything you like.
     */
    public final void acquire(int arg) {
        if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
            acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
            selfInterrupt();
    }

  通过注释我们知道，acquire方法是一种互斥模式，且忽略中断。该方法至少执行一次tryAcquire(int)方法，如果tryAcquire(int)方法返回true，则acquire直接返回，否则当前线程需要进入队列进行排队。函数流程如下：

1. tryAcquire()尝试直接去获取资源，如果成功则直接返回；
2. addWaiter()将该线程加入等待队列的尾部，并标记为独占模式；
3. acquireQueued()使线程在等待队列中获取资源，一直获取到资源后才返回。如果在整个等待过程中被中断过，则返回true，否则返回false。
4. 如果线程在等待过程中被中断过，它是不响应的。只是获取资源后才再进行自我中断selfInterrupt()，将中断补上。

接下来一次介绍相关方法。

1.1 tryAcquire(int)

   tryAcquire尝试以独占的方式获取资源，如果获取成功，则直接返回true，否则直接返回false。该方法可以用于实现Lock中的tryLock()方法。该方法的默认实现是抛出UnsupportedOperationException，具体实现由自定义的扩展了AQS的同步类来实现。AQS在这里只负责定义了一个公共的方法框架。这里之所以没有定义成abstract，是因为独占模式下只用实现tryAcquire-tryRelease，而共享模式下只用实现tryAcquireShared-tryReleaseShared。如果都定义成abstract，那么每个模式也要去实现另一模式下的接口。

/**
     * Attempts to acquire in exclusive mode. This method should query
     * if the state of the object permits it to be acquired in the
     * exclusive mode, and if so to acquire it.
     *
     * <p>This method is always invoked by the thread performing
     * acquire.  If this method reports failure, the acquire method
     * may queue the thread, if it is not already queued, until it is
     * signalled by a release from some other thread. This can be used
     * to implement method {@link Lock#tryLock()}.
     *
     * <p>The default
     * implementation throws {@link UnsupportedOperationException}.
     *
     * @param arg the acquire argument. This value is always the one
     *        passed to an acquire method, or is the value saved on entry
     *        to a condition wait.  The value is otherwise uninterpreted
     *        and can represent anything you like.
     * @return {@code true} if successful. Upon success, this object has
     *         been acquired.
     * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if acquiring would place this
     *         synchronizer in an illegal state. This exception must be
     *         thrown in a consistent fashion for synchronization to work
     *         correctly.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if exclusive mode is not supported
     */
    protected boolean tryAcquire(int arg) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

1.2 addWaiter(Node)

  该方法用于将当前线程根据不同的模式（Node.EXCLUSIVE互斥模式、Node.SHARED共享模式）加入到等待队列的队尾，并返回当前线程所在的结点。如果队列不为空，则以通过compareAndSetTail方法以CAS的方式将当前线程节点加入到等待队列的末尾。否则，通过enq(node)方法初始化一个等待队列，并返回当前节点。源码如下：

/**
     * Creates and enqueues node for current thread and given mode.
     *
     * @param mode Node.EXCLUSIVE for exclusive, Node.SHARED for shared
     * @return the new node
     */
    private Node addWaiter(Node mode) {
        Node node = new Node(Thread.currentThread(), mode);
        // Try the fast path of enq; backup to full enq on failure
        Node pred = tail;
        if (pred != null) {
            node.prev = pred;
            if (compareAndSetTail(pred, node)) {
                pred.next = node;
                return node;
            }
        }
        enq(node);
        return node;
    }

1.2.1 enq(node)

  enq(node)用于将当前节点插入等待队列，如果队列为空，则初始化当前队列。整个过程以CAS自旋的方式进行，直到成功加入队尾为止。源码如下：

/**
     * Inserts node into queue, initializing if necessary. See picture above.
     * @param node the node to insert
     * @return node's predecessor
     */
    private Node enq(final Node node) {
        for (;;) {
            Node t = tail;
            if (t == null) { // Must initialize
                if (compareAndSetHead(new Node()))
                    tail = head;
            } else {
                node.prev = t;
                if (compareAndSetTail(t, node)) {
                    t.next = node;
                    return t;
                }
            }
        }
    }

1.3 acquireQueued(Node, int)

  acquireQueued()用于队列中的线程自旋地以独占且不可中断的方式获取同步状态（acquire），直到拿到锁之后再返回。该方法的实现分成两部分：如果当前节点已经成为头结点，尝试获取锁（tryAcquire）成功，然后返回；否则检查当前节点是否应该被park，然后将该线程park并且检查当前线程是否被可以被中断。

/**
     * Acquires in exclusive uninterruptible mode for thread already in
     * queue. Used by condition wait methods as well as acquire.
     *
     * @param node the node
     * @param arg the acquire argument
     * @return {@code true} if interrupted while waiting
     */
    final boolean acquireQueued(final Node node, int arg) {
        //标记是否成功拿到资源，默认false
        boolean failed = true;
        try {
            boolean interrupted = false;//标记等待过程中是否被中断过
            for (;;) {
                final Node p = node.predecessor();
                if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
                    setHead(node);
                    p.next = null; // help GC
                    failed = false;
                    return interrupted;
                }
                if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                    parkAndCheckInterrupt())
                    interrupted = true;
            }
        } finally {
            if (failed)
                cancelAcquire(node);
        }
    }

1.3.1 shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(Node, Node)

  shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire方法通过对当前节点的前一个节点的状态进行判断，对当前节点做出不同的操作，至于每个Node的状态表示，可以参考接口文档。

/**
     * Checks and updates status for a node that failed to acquire.
     * Returns true if thread should block. This is the main signal
     * control in all acquire loops.  Requires that pred == node.prev.
     *
     * @param pred node's predecessor holding status
     * @param node the node
     * @return {@code true} if thread should block
     */
    private static boolean shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(Node pred, Node node) {
        int ws = pred.waitStatus;
        if (ws == Node.SIGNAL)
            /*
             * This node has already set status asking a release
             * to signal it, so it can safely park.
             */
            return true;
        if (ws > 0) {
            /*
             * Predecessor was cancelled. Skip over predecessors and
             * indicate retry.
             */
            do {
                node.prev = pred = pred.prev;
            } while (pred.waitStatus > 0);
            pred.next = node;
        } else {
            /*
             * waitStatus must be 0 or PROPAGATE.  Indicate that we
             * need a signal, but don't park yet.  Caller will need to
             * retry to make sure it cannot acquire before parking.
             */
            compareAndSetWaitStatus(pred, ws, Node.SIGNAL);
        }
        return false;
    }

1.3.2 parkAndCheckInterrupt()

  该方法让线程去休息，真正进入等待状态。park()会让当前线程进入waiting状态。在此状态下，有两种途径可以唤醒该线程：1）被unpark()；2）被interrupt()。需要注意的是，Thread.interrupted()会清除当前线程的中断标记位。

/**
     * Convenience method to park and then check if interrupted
     *
     * @return {@code true} if interrupted
     */
    private final boolean parkAndCheckInterrupt() {
        LockSupport.park(this);
        return Thread.interrupted();
    }

  我们再回到acquireQueued()，总结下该函数的具体流程：

1. 结点进入队尾后，检查状态，找到安全休息点；
2. 调用park()进入waiting状态，等待unpark()或interrupt()唤醒自己；
3. 被唤醒后，看自己是不是有资格能拿到号。如果拿到，head指向当前结点，并返回从入队到拿到号的整个过程中是否被中断过；如果没拿到，继续流程1。

最后，总结一下acquire()的流程：

1. 调用自定义同步器的tryAcquire()尝试直接去获取资源，如果成功则直接返回；
2. 没成功，则addWaiter()将该线程加入等待队列的尾部，并标记为独占模式；
3. acquireQueued()使线程在等待队列中休息，有机会时（轮到自己，会被unpark()）会去尝试获取资源。获取到资源后才返回。如果在整个等待过程中被中断过，则返回true，否则返回false。
4. 如果线程在等待过程中被中断过，它是不响应的。只是获取资源后才再进行自我中断selfInterrupt()，将中断补上。

2. release(int)

  release(int)方法是独占模式下线程释放共享资源的顶层入口。它会释放指定量的资源，如果彻底释放了（即state=0）,它会唤醒等待队列里的其他线程来获取资源。这也正是unlock()的语义，当然不仅仅只限于unlock()。下面是release()的源码：

/**
     * Releases in exclusive mode.  Implemented by unblocking one or
     * more threads if {@link #tryRelease} returns true.
     * This method can be used to implement method {@link Lock#unlock}.
     *
     * @param arg the release argument.  This value is conveyed to
     *        {@link #tryRelease} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
     *        can represent anything you like.
     * @return the value returned from {@link #tryRelease}
     */
    public final boolean release(int arg) {
        if (tryRelease(arg)) {
            Node h = head;
            if (h != null && h.waitStatus != 0)
                unparkSuccessor(h);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

/**
     * Attempts to set the state to reflect a release in exclusive
     * mode.
     *
     * <p>This method is always invoked by the thread performing release.
     *
     * <p>The default implementation throws
     * {@link UnsupportedOperationException}.
     *
     * @param arg the release argument. This value is always the one
     *        passed to a release method, or the current state value upon
     *        entry to a condition wait.  The value is otherwise
     *        uninterpreted and can represent anything you like.
     * @return {@code true} if this object is now in a fully released
     *         state, so that any waiting threads may attempt to acquire;
     *         and {@code false} otherwise.
     * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if releasing would place this
     *         synchronizer in an illegal state. This exception must be
     *         thrown in a consistent fashion for synchronization to work
     *         correctly.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if exclusive mode is not supported
     */
    protected boolean tryRelease(int arg) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

/**
     * Wakes up node's successor, if one exists.
     *
     * @param node the node
     */
    private void unparkSuccessor(Node node) {
        /*
         * If status is negative (i.e., possibly needing signal) try
         * to clear in anticipation of signalling.  It is OK if this
         * fails or if status is changed by waiting thread.
         */
        int ws = node.waitStatus;
        if (ws < 0)
            compareAndSetWaitStatus(node, ws, 0);

        /*
         * Thread to unpark is held in successor, which is normally
         * just the next node.  But if cancelled or apparently null,
         * traverse backwards from tail to find the actual
         * non-cancelled successor.
         */
        Node s = node.next;
        if (s == null || s.waitStatus > 0) {
            s = null;
            for (Node t = tail; t != null && t != node; t = t.prev)
                if (t.waitStatus <= 0)
                    s = t;
        }
        if (s != null)
            LockSupport.unpark(s.thread);
    }

  与acquire()方法中的tryAcquire()类似，tryRelease()方法也是需要独占模式的自定义同步器去实现的。正常来说，tryRelease()都会成功的，因为这是独占模式，该线程来释放资源，那么它肯定已经拿到独占资源了，直接减掉相应量的资源即可(state-=arg)，也不需要考虑线程安全的问题。但要注意它的返回值，上面已经提到了，release()是根据tryRelease()的返回值来判断该线程是否已经完成释放掉资源了！所以自义定同步器在实现时，如果已经彻底释放资源(state=0)，要返回true，否则返回false。
  unparkSuccessor(Node)方法用于唤醒等待队列中下一个线程。这里要注意的是，下一个线程并不一定是当前节点的next节点，而是下一个可以用来唤醒的线程，如果这个节点存在，调用unpark()方法唤醒。
  总之，release()是独占模式下线程释放共享资源的顶层入口。它会释放指定量的资源，如果彻底释放了（即state=0）,它会唤醒等待队列里的其他线程来获取资源。

3. acquireShared(int)

  acquireShared(int)方法是共享模式下线程获取共享资源的顶层入口。它会获取指定量的资源，获取成功则直接返回，获取失败则进入等待队列，直到获取到资源为止，整个过程忽略中断。下面是acquireShared()的源码：

/**
     * Acquires in shared mode, ignoring interrupts.  Implemented by
     * first invoking at least once {@link #tryAcquireShared},
     * returning on success.  Otherwise the thread is queued, possibly
     * repeatedly blocking and unblocking, invoking {@link
     * #tryAcquireShared} until success.
     *
     * @param arg the acquire argument.  This value is conveyed to
     *        {@link #tryAcquireShared} but is otherwise uninterpreted
     *        and can represent anything you like.
     */
    public final void acquireShared(int arg) {
        if (tryAcquireShared(arg) < 0)
            doAcquireShared(arg);
    }

3.1 doAcquireShared(int)

  将当前线程加入等待队列尾部休息，直到其他线程释放资源唤醒自己，自己成功拿到相应量的资源后才返回。源码如下：

 /**
     * Acquires in shared uninterruptible mode.
     * @param arg the acquire argument
     */
    private void doAcquireShared(int arg) {
        final Node node = addWaiter(Node.SHARED);
        boolean failed = true;
        try {
            boolean interrupted = false;
            for (;;) {
                final Node p = node.predecessor();
                if (p == head) {
                    int r = tryAcquireShared(arg);
                    if (r >= 0) {
                        setHeadAndPropagate(node, r);
                        p.next = null; // help GC
                        if (interrupted)
                            selfInterrupt();
                        failed = false;
                        return;
                    }
                }
                if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                    parkAndCheckInterrupt())
                    interrupted = true;
            }
        } finally {
            if (failed)
                cancelAcquire(node);
        }
    }

  跟独占模式比，还有一点需要注意的是，这里只有线程是head.next时（“老二”），才会去尝试获取资源，有剩余的话还会唤醒之后的队友。那么问题就来了，假如老大用完后释放了5个资源，而老二需要6个，老三需要1个，老四需要2个。老大先唤醒老二，老二一看资源不够，他是把资源让给老三呢，还是不让？答案是否定的！老二会继续park()等待其他线程释放资源，也更不会去唤醒老三和老四了。独占模式，同一时刻只有一个线程去执行，这样做未尝不可；但共享模式下，多个线程是可以同时执行的，现在因为老二的资源需求量大，而把后面量小的老三和老四也都卡住了。当然，这并不是问题，只是AQS保证严格按照入队顺序唤醒罢了（保证公平，但降低了并发）。实现如下：

/**
     * Sets head of queue, and checks if successor may be waiting
     * in shared mode, if so propagating if either propagate > 0 or
     * PROPAGATE status was set.
     *
     * @param node the node
     * @param propagate the return value from a tryAcquireShared
     */
    private void setHeadAndPropagate(Node node, int propagate) {
        Node h = head; // Record old head for check below
        setHead(node);
        /*
         * Try to signal next queued node if:
         *   Propagation was indicated by caller,
         *     or was recorded (as h.waitStatus either before
         *     or after setHead) by a previous operation
         *     (note: this uses sign-check of waitStatus because
         *      PROPAGATE status may transition to SIGNAL.)
         * and
         *   The next node is waiting in shared mode,
         *     or we don't know, because it appears null
         *
         * The conservatism in both of these checks may cause
         * unnecessary wake-ups, but only when there are multiple
         * racing acquires/releases, so most need signals now or soon
         * anyway.
         */
        if (propagate > 0 || h == null || h.waitStatus < 0 ||
            (h = head) == null || h.waitStatus < 0) {
            Node s = node.next;
            if (s == null || s.isShared())
                doReleaseShared();
        }
    }

  此方法在setHead()的基础上多了一步，就是自己苏醒的同时，如果条件符合（比如还有剩余资源），还会去唤醒后继结点，毕竟是共享模式！至此，acquireShared()也要告一段落了。让我们再梳理一下它的流程：

1. tryAcquireShared()尝试获取资源，成功则直接返回；
2. 失败则通过doAcquireShared()进入等待队列park()，直到被unpark()/interrupt()并成功获取到资源才返回。整个等待过程也是忽略中断的。

4. releaseShared(int)

  releaseShared(int)方法是共享模式下线程释放共享资源的顶层入口。它会释放指定量的资源，如果成功释放且允许唤醒等待线程，它会唤醒等待队列里的其他线程来获取资源。下面是releaseShared()的源码：

/**
     * Releases in shared mode.  Implemented by unblocking one or more
     * threads if {@link #tryReleaseShared} returns true.
     *
     * @param arg the release argument.  This value is conveyed to
     *        {@link #tryReleaseShared} but is otherwise uninterpreted
     *        and can represent anything you like.
     * @return the value returned from {@link #tryReleaseShared}
     */
    public final boolean releaseShared(int arg) {
        if (tryReleaseShared(arg)) {
            doReleaseShared();
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

  此方法的流程也比较简单，一句话：释放掉资源后，唤醒后继。跟独占模式下的release()相似，但有一点稍微需要注意：独占模式下的tryRelease()在完全释放掉资源（state=0）后，才会返回true去唤醒其他线程，这主要是基于独占下可重入的考量；而共享模式下的releaseShared()则没有这种要求，共享模式实质就是控制一定量的线程并发执行，那么拥有资源的线程在释放掉部分资源时就可以唤醒后继等待结点。

/**
     * Release action for shared mode -- signals successor and ensures
     * propagation. (Note: For exclusive mode, release just amounts
     * to calling unparkSuccessor of head if it needs signal.)
     */
    private void doReleaseShared() {
        /*
         * Ensure that a release propagates, even if there are other
         * in-progress acquires/releases.  This proceeds in the usual
         * way of trying to unparkSuccessor of head if it needs
         * signal. But if it does not, status is set to PROPAGATE to
         * ensure that upon release, propagation continues.
         * Additionally, we must loop in case a new node is added
         * while we are doing this. Also, unlike other uses of
         * unparkSuccessor, we need to know if CAS to reset status
         * fails, if so rechecking.
         */
        for (;;) {
            Node h = head;
            if (h != null && h != tail) {
                int ws = h.waitStatus;
                if (ws == Node.SIGNAL) {
                    if (!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, Node.SIGNAL, 0))
                        continue;            // loop to recheck cases
                    unparkSuccessor(h);
                }
                else if (ws == 0 &&
                         !compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, 0, Node.PROPAGATE))
                    continue;                // loop on failed CAS
            }
            if (h == head)                   // loop if head changed
                break;
        }
    }

参考：https://www.cnblogs.com/waterystone/p/4920797.html