SpringCloud 微服务解决方案：企业级架构实战

SpringCloud 是构建分布式微服务系统的首选框架，提供了一整套开箱即用的解决方案。

核心组件架构

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    API Gateway                       │
│                   (Spring Cloud Gateway)             │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│     服务发现与注册 (Nacos / Eureka / Consul)         │
├───────────┬───────────┬───────────┬─────────────────┤
│  用户服务  │  订单服务  │  商品服务  │   支付服务      │
├───────────┴───────────┴───────────┴─────────────────┤
│              配置中心 (Nacos Config)                 │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│           消息队列 (RocketMQ / RabbitMQ)             │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

服务注册与发现

Nacos 配置

spring:
  cloud:
    nacos:
      discovery:
        server-addr: localhost:8848
        namespace: dev
      config:
        server-addr: localhost:8848
        file-extension: yaml

服务注册示例

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class OrderServiceApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(OrderServiceApplication.class, args);
    }
}

服务间调用

OpenFeign 声明式调用

@FeignClient(name = "product-service", fallback = ProductFallback.class)
public interface ProductClient {
    
    @GetMapping("/api/products/{id}")
    Product getProductById(@PathVariable("id") Long id);
    
    @PostMapping("/api/products/batch")
    List<Product> getProductsByIds(@RequestBody List<Long> ids);
}

负载均衡配置

spring:
  cloud:
    loadbalancer:
      ribbon:
        enabled: false
      nacos:
        enabled: true

网关配置

Spring Cloud Gateway 路由

spring:
  cloud:
    gateway:
      routes:
        - id: user-service
          uri: lb://user-service
          predicates:
            - Path=/api/users/**
          filters:
            - StripPrefix=1
            - name: RequestRateLimiter
              args:
                redis-rate-limiter.replenishRate: 100
                redis-rate-limiter.burstCapacity: 200

熔断与限流

Sentinel 配置

@SentinelResource(value = "getOrder", 
    blockHandler = "handleBlock",
    fallback = "handleFallback")
public Order getOrder(Long orderId) {
    return orderRepository.findById(orderId)
        .orElseThrow(() -> new OrderNotFoundException(orderId));
}

public Order handleBlock(Long orderId, BlockException ex) {
    log.warn("请求被限流: orderId={}", orderId);
    return Order.empty();
}

public Order handleFallback(Long orderId, Throwable ex) {
    log.error("服务降级: orderId={}, error={}", orderId, ex.getMessage());
    return Order.defaultOrder();
}

分布式事务

Seata AT 模式

@GlobalTransactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
public void createOrder(OrderDTO orderDTO) {
    // 1. 扣减库存
    productService.deductStock(orderDTO.getProductId(), orderDTO.getQuantity());
    
    // 2. 扣减余额
    accountService.deductBalance(orderDTO.getUserId(), orderDTO.getAmount());
    
    // 3. 创建订单
    orderRepository.save(orderDTO.toEntity());
}

链路追踪

Sleuth + Zipkin

spring:
  sleuth:
    sampler:
      probability: 1.0
  zipkin:
    base-url: http://localhost:9411
    sender:
      type: web

核心组件对比

总结

SpringCloud 微服务架构需要根据业务规模选择合适的组件组合，建议从 Nacos + Gateway + OpenFeign + Sentinel 起步，逐步完善分布式事务和链路追踪能力。