世界20c早期和平与自由-Jay Winter, Dreams of Peace and Freedom - Utopian Moments in the 20th Century (Yale University Press, 2016)
Once achieved, self-determination was a form of insurance against war. Take away the imperial element in international afairs, and armed conlict would simply be unnecessary. the vision of self-determination is, therefore, a set of ideas about how to avoid war. that is how it was understood at the time, as a key element in the “new diplomacy” which would replace the failed old diplomacy discredited by the war.【当时的人们通过“自决”对抗战争，并认为这是“新外交”的重要因素，并用来取代不合时宜的旧外交】【p49】
his investigation is revealing in many ways. Its authors came from diferent disciplines in the American academy and brought to the efort formidable knowledge of international afairs. But for our purposes, they show clearly how the “minor utopia” of self-determination was doomed from the start. American thinking on the subject even before the Paris peace conference fully exposed the contradictions and confu- sions inherent in Wilson’s concept of self-determination. his episode also revealed the enduring tendency among Americans in authority to stand above and to preach to those peoples needing help to reach the promised land of liberal democracy. 【威尔逊将大部分工作交托给豪斯，让他负责殖民地问题的研究，豪斯将问题分成两大类。这些文件都是为了能够在战争之后的巴黎和会上为威尔逊提供更多有效的信息。】【p53-54】
Her position, though, was in no sense that of a sovereign state among other sovereign states. this anomalous state of affairs was recognized by the Inquiry, which categorized China as sovereign without the rights of a sovereign power. 【p66】【中国虽然被承认作为主权国家参与巴黎和会，但是却不享有主权国家的权利】
the weakness of a fractured state coincided with the wish on the part of the Allied powers and the United States to offer something substantial to the Japanese, one of the Big Five powers at the conference, whose naval contribution to the Allied cause had been substantial. And that meant concessions in China, in particular over the former German holdings in Shantung, already promised to Japan in treaties signed by Chinese representatives in 1915.【p66-67】【中国原本就是弱小的国家，正好英美都希望给日本一点补偿，因为日本既是5强又对同盟国的海军力量做出了贡献。中国就这么被牺牲了，所以德国在山东的权益转给了日本，中国也只能认栽，并签下1915年的21条。】
The creation of the League of Nations announced something new, something unprecedented in international history. It was not an attempt to create a world state, or a federation of republics of the kind Immanuel Kant had posited in his 1795 essay on “Perpetual Peace.” Instead, it was a start, a point of departure in the collective resolution of international conflicts between sovereign states and between what we now term the developed and the developing world. The system of mandates set up in the Wilsonian mold was a new idea in the management of dependencies, resting on the concept of the self-determination of peoples, their right to determine their own futures when deemed able to do so. But when would that be, and who would make the decision that the “self ” was ready to “determine” its own destiny? These questions were not answered and could not have been answered even if the United States Senate had ratiied Wilson’s treaty. The contradiction between democratic impulse and imperial aspirations was not resolved in 1919; it remained unresolved throughout the twentieth century and beyond.【p74】【国联的建立确实给整个世界带来了新东西，它不是一个新的国家，也不是一个新的共和体制，它是一个起点，是主权国家和小国、弱国可以一起解决国际争端的开始。但是这个新概念所依据的“民族自决原则”却是表意不清的，谁来决定哪些民族可以自决？怎么才能主宰自己的命运？这些在14条中都未提及。民主力量和帝国主义野心之间的矛盾贯穿了整个20世纪。】
