今天安装了一个GP集群测试环境，反复折腾了好几次，安装过程中还是有一些关键点需要详细记录和说明一下，以备后续使用时参考，如果该笔记能够在你需要的时候有所帮助，本人不胜荣幸，不完美的地方也请谅解。
1、环境准备
这里准备了3台机器，1台master、2台存储
OS: centos7.5
GP: greenplum-db-6.16.3
JDK: 1.8+
# 集群主机信息
192.168.101.203 hdp1 (segment master)
192.168.101.204 hdp2 (segment)
192.168.101.205 hdp3 (segment)
greenplum 下载地址：https://github.com/greenplum-db/gpdb/releases
2、 系统参数配置
2.1 修改各个节点名称
修改主机名称信息主要是为了免密及集群建相互通信
[root@hdp1 greenplum-db]$ vi /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
# 配置主机名到IP的映射
192.168.101.203 hdp1
192.168.101.204 hdp2
192.168.101.205 hdp3
首先ping下主机名称，查看配置信息是否生效，通过命令将hosts配置文件远程复制到其他服务器
scp /etc/hosts hdp2:/etc
2.2 修改linux系统内核参数
[root@hdp1 greenplum-db]$ vim /etc/sysctl.conf
# sysctl settings are defined through files in
# /usr/lib/sysctl.d/, /run/sysctl.d/, and /etc/sysctl.d/.
#
# Vendors settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/.
# To override a whole file, create a new file with the same in
# /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there. To override
# only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later
# name in /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there.
#
# For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5).
net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1
net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1
kernel.shmmax = 500000000
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.shmall = 4000000000
kernel.sem = 500 1024000 200 4096
kernel.sysrq = 1
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
kernel.msgmnb = 65536
kernel.msgmax = 65536
kernel.msgmni = 2048
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 4096
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 10000 65535
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 10000
net.core.rmem_max = 2097152
net.core.wmem_max = 2097152
vm.overcommit_memory = 2
vm.swappiness = 10
vm.dirty_expire_centisecs = 500
vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs = 100
vm.dirty_background_ratio = 0
vm.dirty_ratio=0
vm.dirty_background_bytes = 1610612736
vm.dirty_bytes = 4294967296
2.3 修改linux最大限制
[root@hdp1 greenplum-db]$ vi /etc/security/limits.conf
# /etc/security/limits.conf
#
#This file sets the resource limits for the users logged in via PAM.
#It does not affect resource limits of the system services.
#
* soft nofile 65536
* hard nofile 65536
* soft nproc 131072
* hard nproc 131072
2.4 关闭所有节点防火墙
修改主节点/etc/selinux/config文件，其他子节点可以通过scp远程复制
[root@hdp1 greenplum-db]# vi /etc/selinux/config
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values:
# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
# minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected.
# mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted
2.5 复制主节点配置
依次复制到hdp2、hdp3
scp /etc/sysctl.conf hdp2:/etc
scp /etc/security/limits.conf hdp2:/etc/security
scp /etc/selinux/config hdp2:/etc/selinux
最后让节点配置生效，在每个节点依次执行如下命令
[root@hdp1 greenplum-db]# sysctl -p（让配置生效）
2.6 在所有节点上创建gpadmin用户和组
groupadd -g 530 gpadmin
useradd -g 530 -u530 -m -d /home/gpadmin -s /bin/bash gpadmin
chown -R gpadmin:gpadmin /home/gpadmin/
passwd gpadmin
2.7 设置gpadmin用户换机
修改 .bashrc和 .bash_profile 文件，在其最后添加环境配置信息
source /usr/local/greenplum-db/greenplum_path.sh
export MASTER_DATA_DIRECTORY=/data1/gpdata/master/gpseg-1
3、集群安装
3.1 上传安装文件至主节点
下载greenplum-db-6.16.3安装包，下载地址为：https://github.com/greenplum-db/gpdb/releases/download/6.16.3/open-source-greenplum-db-6.16.3-rhel7-x86_64.rpm，由于是RPM默认安装，其默认安装目录为: /usr/local/greenplum/下，修改该路径gpadmin操作权限：
chown -R gpadmin:gpadmin /usr/local
用户也可通过rpm命令参数自定义安装路径，这里不再赘述。
将rpm安装包文件上传至主节点/home/gpadmin目录下。
3.2 创建配置集群
创建一个hostlist，包含所有节点主机名
su - gpadmin
mkdir -p /home/gpadmin/conf
vi /home/gpadmin/conf/hostlist
hdp1
hdp2
hdp3
创建一个 seg_hosts ，包含所有的Segment Host的主机名
vi /home/gpadmin/conf/seg_hosts
hdp2
hdp3
3.3 配置ssh免密连接
[root@ gp-master ~]# su - gpadmin
[gpadmin@ gp-master ~]# source /usr/local/greenplum-db/greenplum_path.sh
[gpadmin@ gp-master ~]# gpssh-exkeys -f /home/gpadmin/conf/hostlist
[STEP 1 of 5] create local ID and authorize on local host
... /home/gpadmin/.ssh/id_rsa file exists ... key generation skipped
[STEP 2 of 5] keyscan all hosts and update known_hosts file
[STEP 3 of 5] authorize current user on remote hosts
... send to hdp2
... send to hdp3
#提示：这里提示输入各个子节点gpadmin用户密码
[STEP 4 of 5] determine common authentication file content
[STEP 5 of 5] copy authentication files to all remote hosts
... finished key exchange with hdp2
... finished key exchange with hdp3
[INFO] completed successfully
测试免密连接是否成功：
[root@ gp-master ~]# ssh gp-sdw1 #不需要密码即可登录；
或者
[root@ gp-master ~]# gpssh -f /home/gpadmin/conf/hostlist
=> pwd
[hdp1] /home/gpadmin
[hdp3] /home/gpadmin
[hdp2] /home/gpadmin
=> exit
出现上面结果就是成功了。
3.4 Segment节点上安装Greenplum
在各个子节点进行文件夹赋权：
chown -R gpadmin:gpadmin /usr/local
chown -R gpadmin:gpadmin /opt
在主节点打包安装包并复制到各个子节点：
[gpadmin@mdw conf]$ cd /usr/local/
# 打包
[gpadmin@mdw greenplum]$ tar -cf gp.tar greenplum-db-6.16.3/
# 在主节点使用下面命令批量远程复制到seg_hosts列表中的子节点中
[gpadmin@mdw greenplum]$ gpscp -f /home/gpadmin/conf/seg_hosts gp.tar =:/usr/local/
在子节点的相应文件夹查看，之后要将tar包解压，现在我们将采用对子节点使用批量解压操作：
[gpadmin@mdw conf]$ source /usr/local/ greenplum-db/greenplum_path.sh
[gpadmin@mdw conf]$ gpssh -f /home/gpadmin/conf/seg_hosts #统一处理子节点
=> cd /usr/local
[hdp2]
[hdp3]
=> tar -xf gp.tar
[hdp2]
[hdp3]
#建立软链接
=> ln -s ./greenplum-db-6.16.3 greenplum-db
[hdp2]
[hdp3]
=> ll(可以使用ll查看一下是否已经安装成功)
=>exit(退出)
这样就完成了所有节点的安装。
4、环境变量配置
4.1 在主节点进行环境变量配置
vi /home/gpadmin/.bash_profile 在最后添加
source /usr/local/greenplum-db/greenplum_path.sh
export MASTER_DATA_DIRECTORY=/opt/greenplum/data/master/gpseg-1
export GPPORT=5432
export PGDATABASE=gp_sydb
4.2 然后依次复制到各个子节点
scp /home/gpadmin/.bash_profile hdp2:/home/gpadmin/
scp /home/gpadmin/.bash_profile hdp3:/home/gpadmin/
# 让环境变量生效
source .bash_profile
4.3 初始化前检查连通性
cd /usr/local/greenplum-db/bin
gpcheckperf -f /home/gpadmin/conf/hostlist -r N -d /tmp
-- NETPERF TEST
-------------------
====================
== RESULT
====================
Netperf bisection bandwidth test
hdp1 -> hdp2 = 72.220000
hdp2 -> hdp3 = 21.470000
hdp3 -> hdp1 = 43.510000
Summary:
sum = 181.40 MB/sec
min = 21.47 MB/sec
max = 72.22 MB/sec
avg = 45.35 MB/sec
median = 44.20 MB/sec
出现以上内容证明各个节点已经可以连通。
4.4 执行初始化
初始化 Greenplum 配置文件模板都在/usr/local/greenplum-db/docs/cli_help/gpconfigs目录下,gpinitsystem_config是初始化 Greenplum 的模板，此模板中 Mirror Segment的配置都被注释；创建一个副本，对其以下配置进行修改：
cp /usr/local/greenplum-db/docs/cli_help/gpconfigs/gpinitsystem_config /home/gpadmin/gpconfigs/gpinitsystem_config
vi /home/gpadmin/gpconfigs/gpinitsystem_config
# FILE NAME: gpinitsystem_config
# Configuration file needed by the gpinitsystem
################################################
#### REQUIRED PARAMETERS
################################################
#### Name of this Greenplum system enclosed in quotes.
#配置的初始化数据库名称
ARRAY_NAME="gp_sydb"
#### Naming convention for utility-generated data directories.
SEG_PREFIX=gp_seg
#### Base number by which primary segment port numbers
#### are calculated.
PORT_BASE=6000
#### File system location(s) where primary segment data directories
#### will be created. The number of locations in the list dictate
#### the number of primary segments that will get created per
#### physical host (if multiple addresses for a host are listed in
#### the hostfile, the number of segments will be spread evenly across
#### the specified interface addresses).
#资源目录为上面章节创建的资源目录，配置几次资源目录就是每个子节点有几个实例（推荐4-8个，这里配置了6个，primary与mirror文件夹个数对应）
declare -a DATA_DIRECTORY=(/home/gpadmin/data/data_hdp2 /home/gpadmin/data/data_hdp3)
#### OS-configured hostname or IP address of the master host.
#主节点名称
MASTER_HOSTNAME=hdp1
#### File system location where the master data directory
#### will be created.
MASTER_DIRECTORY=/home/gpadmin/data/mdata_hdp1
#### Port number for the master instance.
MASTER_PORT=5432
#### Shell utility used to connect to remote hosts.
TRUSTED_SHELL=ssh
#### Maximum log file segments between automatic WAL checkpoints.
CHECK_POINT_SEGMENTS=8
#### Default server-side character set encoding.
ENCODING=UNICODE
执行初始化
gpinitsystem -c initgp_config -S
【注意】若初始化失败，需要删除/home/gpadmin/data下的数据资源目录重新初始化
5 数据库操作
5.1 停止和启动集群
gpstop -M fast
gpstart -a
5.2 登录数据库
$ psql -d postgres #进入某个数据库
postgres=# \l # 查询数据库
List of databases
Name | Owner | Encoding | Access privileges
-----------+---------+----------+---------------------
gp_sydb | gpadmin | UTF8 |
postgres | gpadmin | UTF8 |
template0 | gpadmin | UTF8 | =c/gpadmin
: gpadmin=CTc/gpadmin
template1 | gpadmin | UTF8 | =c/gpadmin
: gpadmin=CTc/gpadmin
(4 rows)
postgres=# \i test.sql #执行sql
postgres=# copy 表名 to '/tmp/1.csv' with 'csv'; #快速导出单表数据
postgres=# copy 表名 from '/tmp/1.csv' with 'csv'; #快速导入单表数据
postgres=# \q #退出数据库
5.2 集群状态
gpstate -e #查看mirror的状态
gpstate -f #查看standby master的状态
gpstate -s #查看整个GP群集的状态
gpstate -i #查看GP的版本
gpstate --help #帮助文档，可以查看gpstate更多用法
目前为止数据库已经操作完毕。默认只有本地可以连数据库，如果需要别的I可以连，需要修改gp_hba.conf文件。
5.3 远程登录
使用pgadmin远程连接 greenplum 时，出现Unable to connect to server: FATAL: no pg_hba.conf entry for host “xxx.xxx.xx.xxx”, user “postgres”, database “postgres” 的问题。
原因
PostgreSQL数据库为了安全，它不会监听除本地以外的所有连接请求，当用户通过jdbc或者客户端软件去远程访问时，就会报出此问题。
客户端访问和认证受到配置文件pg_hub.conf(标准的PostgreSQL基于主机认证文件)的控制。
在Greenplun数据库中，Master实例的pg_hba.conf 文件控制着对Greenplum系统的客户端访问和认证。Segment也有自己的pg_hba.conf 文件，但是它们已经被正确地配置为仅允许来自Master主机的客户端连接。Segment从不接收外部的客户端连接，因此没有修改Segment上的pg_hba.conf 文件。
vi /home/gpadmin/data/mdata_hdp1/gp_seg-1/pg_hba.conf
#
# If you want to allow non-local connections, you need to add more
# "host" records. In that case you will also need to make PostgreSQL
# listen on a non-local interface via the listen_addresses
# configuration parameter, or via the -i or -h command line switches.
# CAUTION: Configuring the system for local "trust" authentication
# allows any local user to connect as any PostgreSQL user, including
# the database superuser. If you do not trust all your local users,
# use another authentication method.
# TYPE DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD
# "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only
# IPv4 local connections:
# IPv6 local connections:
# Allow replication connections from localhost, by a user with the
# replication privilege.
#local replication gpadmin trust
#host replication gpadmin 127.0.0.1/32 trust
#host replication gpadmin ::1/128 trust
local all gpadmin ident
host all gpadmin 127.0.0.1/28 trust
host all gpadmin 192.168.101.203/32 trust
host all gpadmin 192.168.61.10/32 trust
local replication gpadmin ident
host replication gpadmin samehost trust
host replication gpadmin 192.168.101.203/32 trust
host replication gpadmin 192.168.61.10/32 trust
# 增加远程连接访问信息
host all all 0.0.0.0/0 trust
host all gpadmin 192.168.10.42/32 trust
切换到gpadmin，执行gpstop -u
备注：gpstop -u的意思是将pg_hba.conf文件重新上传并运行master中的postgresql.conf 文件的参数，期间不会中断服务。已建立连接的用户将不会使用最新配置，重连后将应用最新。起到了使刚刚修改的pg_hba.conf配置文件生效的作用。
5.4 greenplum常见问题及解决方法
5.4.1 错误：gpadmin-[CRITICAL]:-gpstate failed. (Reason=‘Environment Variable MASTER_DATA_DIRECTORY not set!’) exiting…
解决方法：
[gpadmin@bj-ksy-g1-mongos-01 ~]$ vim ~/.bashrc
# 添加：
MASTER_DATA_DIRECTORY=/opt/data/master/gpseg-1
export MASTER_DATA_DIRECTORY
5.4.2 错误：数据库初始化：gpinitsystem -c gpconfigs/gpinitsystem_config -h list
错误提示：
2018-08-29 16:51:01.338476 CST,,,p21229,th406714176,,,,0,,,seg-999,,,,,"FATAL","XX000","could not create semaphores: No space left on device (pg_sema.c:129)","Failed system call was semget(127, 17, 03600).","This error does *not* mean that you have run out of disk space.
It occurs when either the system limit for the maximum number of semaphore sets (SEMMNI), or the system wide maximum number of semaphores (SEMMNS), would be exceeded. You need to raise the respective kernel parameter. Alternatively, reduce PostgreSQL's consumption ofsemaphores by reducing its max_connections parameter (currently 753).
The PostgreSQL documentation contains more information about configuring your system for PostgreSQL.",,,,,,"InternalIpcSemaphoreCreate","pg_sema.c",129,1 0x95661b postgres errstart (elog.c:521)
解决办法：
[root@bj-ksy-g1-mongos-02 primary]# cat /proc/sys/kernel/sem
250 32000 32 128
修改kernel.sem为：
[root@bj-ksy-g1-mongos-02 primary]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf
kernel.sem = 250 512000 100 2048
5.4.3 错误 ：执行检查：gpcheck -f list
错误提示：
XFS filesystem on device /dev/vdb1 is missing the recommended mount option 'allocsize=16m'
解决办法：
[gpadmin@bj-ksy-g1-mongos-01 ~]$ cat /etc/fstab
/dev/vdb1 /opt xfs defaults,allocsize=16348k,inode64,noatime 1 1
