iOS原理探索12--类的加载(上)map_images源码分析

在上一篇iOS原理探索11--dyld是如何关联objc的,我们了解obj是怎么和dyld关联的,主要的函数_dyld_objc_notify_register(&map_images, load_images, unmap_image);知道map_imagesload_images的重要性,本文主要探索类的相关信息,通过探索map_imagesload_images,了解类是如何加载到内存的。

map_images
  • mapImages:管理文件中和动态库中的所有符号,即class、protocol、selector、category等;
  • 主要是把Mach-O的类加载到内存中
  • map_images源码分析
void
map_images(unsigned count, const char * const paths[],
           const struct mach_header * const mhdrs[])
{
    mutex_locker_t lock(runtimeLock);
    return map_images_nolock(count, paths, mhdrs);
}

---------map_images_nolock---------
void 
map_images_nolock(unsigned mhCount, const char * const mhPaths[],
                  const struct mach_header * const mhdrs[])
{
    static bool firstTime = YES;
    header_info *hList[mhCount];
    uint32_t hCount;
    size_t selrefCount = 0;

    // Perform first-time initialization if necessary.
    // This function is called before ordinary library initializers. 
    // fixme defer initialization until an objc-using image is found?
    if (firstTime) {
        preopt_init();
    }

    if (PrintImages) {
        _objc_inform("IMAGES: processing %u newly-mapped images...\n", mhCount);
    }


    // Find all images with Objective-C metadata.
    hCount = 0;

    // Count classes. Size various table based on the total.
    int totalClasses = 0;
    int unoptimizedTotalClasses = 0;
    {
        ....省略代码...
    }

    if (firstTime) {
        sel_init(selrefCount);
        arr_init();

#if SUPPORT_GC_COMPAT

        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < hCount; i++) {
            auto hi = hList[i];
            auto mh = hi->mhdr();
            if (mh->filetype != MH_EXECUTE  &&  shouldRejectGCImage(mh)) {
                _objc_fatal_with_reason
                    (OBJC_EXIT_REASON_GC_NOT_SUPPORTED, 
                     OS_REASON_FLAG_CONSISTENT_FAILURE, 
                     "%s requires Objective-C garbage collection "
                     "which is no longer supported.", hi->fname());
            }
        }
#endif

#if TARGET_OS_OSX

        if (dyld_get_program_sdk_version() < DYLD_MACOSX_VERSION_10_13) {
            DisableInitializeForkSafety = true;
            if (PrintInitializing) {
                _objc_inform("INITIALIZE: disabling +initialize fork "
                             "safety enforcement because the app is "
                             "too old (SDK version " SDK_FORMAT ")",
                             FORMAT_SDK(dyld_get_program_sdk_version()));
            }
        }

        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < hCount; i++) {
            auto hi = hList[i];
            auto mh = hi->mhdr();
            if (mh->filetype != MH_EXECUTE) continue;
            unsigned long size;
            if (getsectiondata(hi->mhdr(), "__DATA", "__objc_fork_ok", &size)) {
                DisableInitializeForkSafety = true;
                if (PrintInitializing) {
                    _objc_inform("INITIALIZE: disabling +initialize fork "
                                 "safety enforcement because the app has "
                                 "a __DATA,__objc_fork_ok section");
                }
            }
            break;  // assume only one MH_EXECUTE image
        }
#endif

    }
//_read_images这个是重点研究对象
    if (hCount > 0) {
        _read_images(hList, hCount, totalClasses, unoptimizedTotalClasses);
    }

    firstTime = NO;
    
    // Call image load funcs after everything is set up.
    for (auto func : loadImageFuncs) {
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < mhCount; i++) {
            func(mhdrs[i]);
        }
    }
}
  • _read_images源代码
    _read_images主要是主要是加载类信息,即类、分类、协议等,进入_read_images源码实现,主要分为以下几部分:
    • 1、条件控制进行的一次加载
    • 2、修复预编译阶段的@selector的混乱问题
    • 3、错误混乱的类处理
    • 4、修复重映射一些没有被镜像文件加载进来的类
    • 5、修复一些消息
    • 6、当类里面有协议时:readProtocol 读取协议
    • 7、修复没有被加载的协议
    • 8、分类处理
    • 9、类的加载处理
    • 10、没有被处理的类,优化那些被侵犯的类
按照上面的几个部分逐个分析一下_read_images的作用
  • 1、条件控制进行的一次加载
    doneOnce判断流程中,最关键的步骤在于,使用为了方便类的查找NXCreateMapTable创建哈希表gdb_objc_realized_classes,并且这个哈希表用于存储不在共享缓存且已命名类,无论类是否实现,其容量是类数量的4/3
if (!doneOnce) {
     
    //...省略部分代码...
    
    // namedClasses
    // Preoptimized classes don't go in this table.
    // 4/3 is NXMapTable's load factor
    int namedClassesSize = 
        (isPreoptimized() ? unoptimizedTotalClasses : totalClasses) * 4 / 3;
    //创建表(哈希表key-value),目的是查找快
    gdb_objc_realized_classes =
        NXCreateMapTable(NXStrValueMapPrototype, namedClassesSize);

    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: first time tasks");
}
  • 2、修复预编译阶段的@selector的混乱问题
// Fix up @selector references 修复@selector引用
//sel 不是简单的字符串,而是带地址的字符串
static size_t UnfixedSelectors;
{
    mutex_locker_t lock(selLock);
    for (EACH_HEADER) {
        if (hi->hasPreoptimizedSelectors()) continue;

        bool isBundle = hi->isBundle();
        //通过_getObjc2SelectorRefs拿到Mach-O中的静态段__objc_selrefs
        SEL *sels = _getObjc2SelectorRefs(hi, &count);
        UnfixedSelectors += count;
        for (i = 0; i < count; i++) { //列表遍历
            const char *name = sel_cname(sels[i]);
            //注册sel操作,即将sel添加到
            SEL sel = sel_registerNameNoLock(name, isBundle);
            if (sels[i] != sel) {//当sel与sels[i]地址不一致时,需要调整为一致的
                sels[i] = sel;
            }
        }
    }
}

sel_registerNameNoLock的源码展示,主要是使用auto it = namedSelectors.get().insert(name);将sel插入到表中。

SEL sel_registerNameNoLock(const char *name, bool copy) {
    return __sel_registerName(name, 0, copy);  // NO lock, maybe copy
}

👇
static SEL __sel_registerName(const char *name, bool shouldLock, bool copy) 
{
    SEL result = 0;

    if (shouldLock) selLock.assertUnlocked();
    else selLock.assertLocked();

    if (!name) return (SEL)0;

    result = search_builtins(name);
    if (result) return result;
    
    conditional_mutex_locker_t lock(selLock, shouldLock);
    auto it = namedSelectors.get().insert(name);//sel插入表
    if (it.second) {
        // No match. Insert.
        *it.first = (const char *)sel_alloc(name, copy);
    }
    return (SEL)*it.first;
}
  • 3、错误混乱的类处理
//3、错误混乱的类处理
// Discover classes. Fix up unresolved future classes. Mark bundle classes.
bool hasDyldRoots = dyld_shared_cache_some_image_overridden();
//读取类:readClass
for (EACH_HEADER) {
    if (! mustReadClasses(hi, hasDyldRoots)) {
        // Image is sufficiently optimized that we need not call readClass()
        continue;
    }
    //从编译后的类列表中取出所有类,即从Mach-O中获取静态段__objc_classlist,是一个classref_t类型的指针
    classref_t const *classlist = _getObjc2ClassList(hi, &count);

    bool headerIsBundle = hi->isBundle();
    bool headerIsPreoptimized = hi->hasPreoptimizedClasses();

    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        Class cls = (Class)classlist[i];//此时获取的cls只是一个地址
        Class newCls = readClass(cls, headerIsBundle, headerIsPreoptimized); //读取类,经过这步后,cls获取的值才是一个名字
        //经过调试,并未执行if里面的流程
        //初始化所有懒加载的类需要的内存空间,但是懒加载类的数据现在是没有加载到的,连类都没有初始化
        if (newCls != cls  &&  newCls) {
            // Class was moved but not deleted. Currently this occurs 
            // only when the new class resolved a future class.
            // Non-lazily realize the class below.
            //将懒加载的类添加到数组中
            resolvedFutureClasses = (Class *)
                realloc(resolvedFutureClasses, 
                        (resolvedFutureClassCount+1) * sizeof(Class));
            resolvedFutureClasses[resolvedFutureClassCount++] = newCls;
        }
    }
}
ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: discover classes");

总结:这一步操作结束cls类的信息目前仅存储了地址+名称

  • 4、修复重映射一些没有被镜像文件加载进来的类
//4、修复重映射一些没有被镜像文件加载进来的类
// Fix up remapped classes 修正重新映射的类
// Class list and nonlazy class list remain unremapped.类列表和非惰性类列表保持未映射
// Class refs and super refs are remapped for message dispatching.类引用和超级引用将重新映射以进行消息分发
//经过调试,并未执行if里面的流程
//将未映射的Class 和 Super Class重映射,被remap的类都是懒加载的类
if (!noClassesRemapped()) {
    for (EACH_HEADER) {
      //获取Mach-O中的静态段__objc_classrefs即类的引用
        Class *classrefs = _getObjc2ClassRefs(hi, &count);//Mach-O的静态段 __objc_classrefs
        for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            remapClassRef(&classrefs[i]);
        }
        // fixme why doesn't test future1 catch the absence of this?
        //获取Mach-O中的静态段__objc_classrefs即父类的引用
        classrefs = _getObjc2SuperRefs(hi, &count);//Mach_O中的静态段 __objc_superrefs
        for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        //remapClassRef的类都是懒加载的类,所以最初经过调试时,这部分代码是没有执行的
            remapClassRef(&classrefs[i]);
        }
    }
}

ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: remap classes");
  • 5、修复一些消息
#if SUPPORT_FIXUP
    // Fix up old objc_msgSend_fixup call sites
    for (EACH_HEADER) {
        // _getObjc2MessageRefs 获取Mach-O的静态段 __objc_msgrefs
        message_ref_t *refs = _getObjc2MessageRefs(hi, &count);
        if (count == 0) continue;

        if (PrintVtables) {
            _objc_inform("VTABLES: repairing %zu unsupported vtable dispatch "
                         "call sites in %s", count, hi->fname());
        }
        //经过调试,并未执行for里面的流程
        //遍历将函数指针进行注册,并fix为新的函数指针
        for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            fixupMessageRef(refs+i);
        }
    }

    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: fix up objc_msgSend_fixup");
#endif
  • 6、当类里面有协议时:readProtocol 读取协议
// Discover protocols. Fix up protocol refs. 发现协议。修正协议参考
//遍历所有协议列表,并且将协议列表加载到Protocol的哈希表中
for (EACH_HEADER) {
    extern objc_class OBJC_CLASS_$_Protocol;
    //cls = Protocol类,所有协议和对象的结构体都类似,isa都对应Protocol类
    Class cls = (Class)&OBJC_CLASS_$_Protocol;
    ASSERT(cls);
    //获取protocol哈希表 -- protocol_map
    NXMapTable *protocol_map = protocols();
    bool isPreoptimized = hi->hasPreoptimizedProtocols();

    // Skip reading protocols if this is an image from the shared cache
    // and we support roots
    // Note, after launch we do need to walk the protocol as the protocol
    // in the shared cache is marked with isCanonical() and that may not
    // be true if some non-shared cache binary was chosen as the canonical
    // definition
    if (launchTime && isPreoptimized && cacheSupportsProtocolRoots) {
        if (PrintProtocols) {
            _objc_inform("PROTOCOLS: Skipping reading protocols in image: %s",
                         hi->fname());
        }
        continue;
    }

    bool isBundle = hi->isBundle();
    //通过_getObjc2ProtocolList 获取到Mach-O中的静态段__objc_protolist协议列表,
    //即从编译器中读取并初始化protocol
    protocol_t * const *protolist = _getObjc2ProtocolList(hi, &count);
    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        //通过添加protocol到protocol_map哈希表中
        readProtocol(protolist[i], cls, protocol_map, 
                     isPreoptimized, isBundle);
    }
}

ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: discover protocols");
  • 7、修复没有被加载的协议
// Fix up @protocol references
// Preoptimized images may have the right 
// answer already but we don't know for sure.
for (EACH_HEADER) {
    // At launch time, we know preoptimized image refs are pointing at the
    // shared cache definition of a protocol.  We can skip the check on
    // launch, but have to visit @protocol refs for shared cache images
    // loaded later.
    if (launchTime && cacheSupportsProtocolRoots && hi->isPreoptimized())
        continue;
    //_getObjc2ProtocolRefs 获取到Mach-O的静态段 __objc_protorefs
    protocol_t **protolist = _getObjc2ProtocolRefs(hi, &count);
    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {//遍历
        //比较当前协议和协议列表中的同一个内存地址的协议是否相同,如果不同则替换
        remapProtocolRef(&protolist[i]);//经过代码调试,并未执行
    }
}

ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: fix up @protocol references");
  • 8、分类处理
// Discover categories. Only do this after the initial category 发现分类
// attachment has been done. For categories present at startup,
// discovery is deferred until the first load_images call after
// the call to _dyld_objc_notify_register completes. rdar://problem/53119145
if (didInitialAttachCategories) {
    for (EACH_HEADER) {
        load_categories_nolock(hi);
    }
}

ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: discover categories");
  • 9、类的加载处理
// Realize non-lazy classes (for +load methods and static instances) 初始化非懒加载类,进行rw、ro等操作:realizeClassWithoutSwift
    //懒加载类 -- 别人不动我,我就不动
    //实现非懒加载的类,对于load方法和静态实例变量
    for (EACH_HEADER) {
        //通过_getObjc2NonlazyClassList获取Mach-O的静态段__objc_nlclslist非懒加载类表
        classref_t const *classlist = 
            _getObjc2NonlazyClassList(hi, &count);
        for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            Class cls = remapClass(classlist[i]);
            
            const char *mangledName  = cls->mangledName();
             const char *LGPersonName = "LGPerson";
            
             if (strcmp(mangledName, LGPersonName) == 0) {
                 auto kc_ro = (const class_ro_t *)cls->data();
                 printf("_getObjc2NonlazyClassList: 这个是我要研究的 %s \n",LGPersonName);
             }
            
            if (!cls) continue;

            addClassTableEntry(cls);//插入表,但是前面已经插入过了,所以不会重新插入

            if (cls->isSwiftStable()) {
                if (cls->swiftMetadataInitializer()) {
                    _objc_fatal("Swift class %s with a metadata initializer "
                                "is not allowed to be non-lazy",
                                cls->nameForLogging());
                }
                // fixme also disallow relocatable classes
                // We can't disallow all Swift classes because of
                // classes like Swift.__EmptyArrayStorage
            }
            //实现当前的类,因为前面readClass读取到内存的仅仅只有地址+名称,类的data数据并没有加载出来
            //实现所有非懒加载的类(实例化类对象的一些信息,例如rw)
            realizeClassWithoutSwift(cls, nil);
        }
    }

    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: realize non-lazy classes");
  • 10、没有被处理的类,优化那些被侵犯的类
// Realize newly-resolved future classes, in case CF manipulates them
    if (resolvedFutureClasses) {
        for (i = 0; i < resolvedFutureClassCount; i++) {
            Class cls = resolvedFutureClasses[i];
            if (cls->isSwiftStable()) {
                _objc_fatal("Swift class is not allowed to be future");
            }
            //实现类
            realizeClassWithoutSwift(cls, nil);
            cls->setInstancesRequireRawIsaRecursively(false/*inherited*/);
        }
        free(resolvedFutureClasses);
    }

    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: realize future classes");

    if (DebugNonFragileIvars) {
        //实现所有类
        realizeAllClasses();
    }

那么上面步骤中的重点来了:readClass读取类

readClass方法主要是读取类,在没有调用该方法前,cls只是一个地址,执行该方法后,cls是类的名称,其源码实现如下

Class readClass(Class cls, bool headerIsBundle, bool headerIsPreoptimized)
{
    const char *mangledName  = cls->mangledName();
    const char *LGPersonName = "LGPerson";

    // printf("诶唷: %s \n ",mangledName);

    if (strcmp(mangledName, LGPersonName) == 0) {
        auto kc_ro = (const class_ro_t *)cls->data();
        printf("readClass: 这个是我要研究的 %s \n",LGPersonName);
    }

    //当前类的父类中若有丢失的weak-linked类,则返回nil
    if (missingWeakSuperclass(cls)) {
        // No superclass (probably weak-linked). 
        // Disavow any knowledge of this subclass.
        if (PrintConnecting) {
            _objc_inform("CLASS: IGNORING class '%s' with "
                         "missing weak-linked superclass", 
                         cls->nameForLogging());
        }
        addRemappedClass(cls, nil);
        cls->superclass = nil;
        return nil;
    }
    
    cls->fixupBackwardDeployingStableSwift();
    //判断是不是后期要处理的类
    //正常情况下,不会走到popFutureNamedClass,因为这是专门针对未来待处理的类的操作
    //通过断点调试,不会走到if流程里面,因此也不会对ro、rw进行操作
    Class replacing = nil;
    if (Class newCls = popFutureNamedClass(mangledName)) {
        // This name was previously allocated as a future class.
        // Copy objc_class to future class's struct.
        // Preserve future's rw data block.
        
        if (newCls->isAnySwift()) {
            _objc_fatal("Can't complete future class request for '%s' "
                        "because the real class is too big.", 
                        cls->nameForLogging());
        }
        
        class_rw_t *rw = newCls->data();
        const class_ro_t *old_ro = rw->ro();
        memcpy(newCls, cls, sizeof(objc_class));
        rw->set_ro((class_ro_t *)newCls->data());
        newCls->setData(rw);
        freeIfMutable((char *)old_ro->name);
        free((void *)old_ro);
        
        addRemappedClass(cls, newCls);
        
        replacing = cls;
        cls = newCls;
    }
    //判断是否类是否已经加载到内存
    if (headerIsPreoptimized  &&  !replacing) {
        // class list built in shared cache
        // fixme strict assert doesn't work because of duplicates
        // ASSERT(cls == getClass(name));
        ASSERT(getClassExceptSomeSwift(mangledName));
    } else {
        //加载共享缓存中的类
        addNamedClass(cls, mangledName, replacing);
        //插入表,即相当于从mach-O文件 读取到 内存 中
        addClassTableEntry(cls);
    }

    // for future reference: shared cache never contains MH_BUNDLEs
    if (headerIsBundle) {
        cls->data()->flags |= RO_FROM_BUNDLE;
        cls->ISA()->data()->flags |= RO_FROM_BUNDLE;
    }
    
    return cls;
}

关键代码是addNamedClass和addClassTableEntry,源码实现如下

  • addNamedClass源代码
/***********************************************************************
* addNamedClass 加载共享缓存中的类 插入表
* Adds name => cls to the named non-meta class map. 将name=> cls添加到命名的非元类映射
* Warns about duplicate class names and keeps the old mapping.
* Locking: runtimeLock must be held by the caller
**********************************************************************/
static void addNamedClass(Class cls, const char *name, Class replacing = nil)
{
    runtimeLock.assertLocked();
    Class old;
    if ((old = getClassExceptSomeSwift(name))  &&  old != replacing) {
        inform_duplicate(name, old, cls);

        // getMaybeUnrealizedNonMetaClass uses name lookups.
        // Classes not found by name lookup must be in the
        // secondary meta->nonmeta table.
        addNonMetaClass(cls);
    } else {
        //添加到gdb_objc_realized_classes哈希表
        NXMapInsert(gdb_objc_realized_classes, name, cls);
    }
    ASSERT(!(cls->data()->flags & RO_META));

    // wrong: constructed classes are already realized when they get here
    // ASSERT(!cls->isRealized());
}

readClass源码分析
第一步:首先通过const char *mangledName = cls->mangledName();获取类的名字,已经初始化的从data()->ro()->name中获取,反之从((const class_ro_t *)data())->name中获取。
第二步:当前类的父类中若有丢失的weak-linked类,则返回nil
第三步:判断是不是后期要处理的类,正常情况下,不会走到popFutureNamedClass,因为这是专门针对未来待处理的类的操作,通过断点调试,不会走到if流程里面,因此也不会对ro、rw进行操作
第四步:判断是否类是否已经加载到内存,没有的话加载共享缓存中的类,插入表中。

  • addClassTableEntry源代码
/***********************************************************************
* addClassTableEntry 将一个类添加到所有类的表中
* Add a class to the table of all classes. If addMeta is true,
* automatically adds the metaclass of the class as well.
* Locking: runtimeLock must be held by the caller.
**********************************************************************/
static void
addClassTableEntry(Class cls, bool addMeta = true)
{
    runtimeLock.assertLocked();

    // This class is allowed to be a known class via the shared cache or via
    // data segments, but it is not allowed to be in the dynamic table already.
    auto &set = objc::allocatedClasses.get();//开辟的类的表,在objc_init中的runtime_init就创建了表

    ASSERT(set.find(cls) == set.end());

    if (!isKnownClass(cls))
        set.insert(cls);
    if (addMeta)
        //添加到allocatedClasses哈希表
        addClassTableEntry(cls->ISA(), false);
}
总结:readClass的主要作用就是将Mach-O中的类读取到内存,即插入表中,但是目前的类仅有两个信息:地址以及名称,而mach-O的其中的data数据还未读取出来。
  • realizeClassWithoutSwift:实现所有非懒加载的类(实例化类对象的一些信息,例如rw)
  • realizeClassWithoutSwift源码
realizeClassWithoutSwift(Class cls, Class previously)
{
    runtimeLock.assertLocked();

    class_rw_t *rw;
    Class supercls;
    Class metacls;
    
    const char *mangledName  = cls->mangledName();
    const char *LGPersonName = "LGPerson";

    if (strcmp(mangledName, LGPersonName) == 0) {
        auto kc_ro = (const class_ro_t *)cls->data();
        auto kc_isMeta = kc_ro->flags & RO_META;
        if (!kc_isMeta) {
            printf("%s: 这个是我要研究的 %s \n",__func__,LGPersonName);
        }
    }

    if (!cls) return nil;
    if (cls->isRealized()) return cls;
    ASSERT(cls == remapClass(cls));

    // fixme verify class is not in an un-dlopened part of the shared cache?

    auto ro = (const class_ro_t *)cls->data();
    auto isMeta = ro->flags & RO_META;
    if (ro->flags & RO_FUTURE) {
        // This was a future class. rw data is already allocated.
        rw = cls->data();
        ro = cls->data()->ro();
        ASSERT(!isMeta);
        cls->changeInfo(RW_REALIZED|RW_REALIZING, RW_FUTURE);
    } else {
        // Normal class. Allocate writeable class data.
        //此时将数据读取进来了,也赋值完毕了
        rw = objc::zalloc<class_rw_t>();//申请开辟zalloc--rw
        rw->set_ro(ro);//rw中的ro设置为临时变量ro
        rw->flags = RW_REALIZED|RW_REALIZING|isMeta;
        cls->setData(rw);//将cls的data赋值为rw形式
    }

#if FAST_CACHE_META
    if (isMeta) cls->cache.setBit(FAST_CACHE_META);
#endif

    // Choose an index for this class.
    // Sets cls->instancesRequireRawIsa if indexes no more indexes are available
    cls->chooseClassArrayIndex();

    if (PrintConnecting) {
        _objc_inform("CLASS: realizing class '%s'%s %p %p #%u %s%s",
                     cls->nameForLogging(), isMeta ? " (meta)" : "", 
                     (void*)cls, ro, cls->classArrayIndex(),
                     cls->isSwiftStable() ? "(swift)" : "",
                     cls->isSwiftLegacy() ? "(pre-stable swift)" : "");
    }

    // Realize superclass and metaclass, if they aren't already.
    // This needs to be done after RW_REALIZED is set above, for root classes.
    // This needs to be done after class index is chosen, for root metaclasses.
    // This assumes that none of those classes have Swift contents,
    //   or that Swift's initializers have already been called.
    //   fixme that assumption will be wrong if we add support
    //   for ObjC subclasses of Swift classes.
    //第二步:递归调用realizeClassWithoutSwift,来完善继承链,并且处理当前的父类,元类
    //递归实现设置当前类、父类、元类的rw,主要的目的是确定继承链
    //当isa找到根源类之后,根源类的isa是指向自己的,不会返回nil
    //从而导致死循环——remapClass中对类在表中进行查找的操作,如果表中已有该类,则返回一个空值;
    //如果没有则返回当前类,这样保证了类只加载一次并结束递归
    supercls = realizeClassWithoutSwift(remapClass(cls->superclass), nil);
    metacls = realizeClassWithoutSwift(remapClass(cls->ISA()), nil);

#if SUPPORT_NONPOINTER_ISA
    if (isMeta) {
        // Metaclasses do not need any features from non pointer ISA
        // This allows for a faspath for classes in objc_retain/objc_release.
        cls->setInstancesRequireRawIsa();
    } else {
        // Disable non-pointer isa for some classes and/or platforms.
        // Set instancesRequireRawIsa.
        bool instancesRequireRawIsa = cls->instancesRequireRawIsa();
        bool rawIsaIsInherited = false;
        static bool hackedDispatch = false;

        if (DisableNonpointerIsa) {
            // Non-pointer isa disabled by environment or app SDK version
            instancesRequireRawIsa = true;
        }
        else if (!hackedDispatch  &&  0 == strcmp(ro->name, "OS_object"))
        {
            // hack for libdispatch et al - isa also acts as vtable pointer
            hackedDispatch = true;
            instancesRequireRawIsa = true;
        }
        else if (supercls  &&  supercls->superclass  &&
                 supercls->instancesRequireRawIsa())
        {
            // This is also propagated by addSubclass()
            // but nonpointer isa setup needs it earlier.
            // Special case: instancesRequireRawIsa does not propagate
            // from root class to root metaclass
            instancesRequireRawIsa = true;
            rawIsaIsInherited = true;
        }

        if (instancesRequireRawIsa) {
            cls->setInstancesRequireRawIsaRecursively(rawIsaIsInherited);
        }
    }
// SUPPORT_NONPOINTER_ISA
#endif

    // Update superclass and metaclass in case of remapping
    // 将父类和元类给我们的类 分别是isa和父类的对应值
    cls->superclass = supercls;
    cls->initClassIsa(metacls);

    // Reconcile instance variable offsets / layout.
    // This may reallocate class_ro_t, updating our ro variable.
    if (supercls  &&  !isMeta) reconcileInstanceVariables(cls, supercls, ro);

    // Set fastInstanceSize if it wasn't set already.
    cls->setInstanceSize(ro->instanceSize);

    // Copy some flags from ro to rw
    if (ro->flags & RO_HAS_CXX_STRUCTORS) {
        cls->setHasCxxDtor();
        if (! (ro->flags & RO_HAS_CXX_DTOR_ONLY)) {
            cls->setHasCxxCtor();
        }
    }
    
    // Propagate the associated objects forbidden flag from ro or from
    // the superclass.
    if ((ro->flags & RO_FORBIDS_ASSOCIATED_OBJECTS) ||
        (supercls && supercls->forbidsAssociatedObjects()))
    {
        rw->flags |= RW_FORBIDS_ASSOCIATED_OBJECTS;
    }

    // Connect this class to its superclass's subclass lists
    //双向链表指向关系 父类中可以找到子类 子类中也可以找到父类
    //通过addSubclass把当前类放到父类的子类列表中去
    if (supercls) {
        addSubclass(supercls, cls);
    } else {
        addRootClass(cls);
    }

    // Attach categories
    //方法:将属性列表、方法列表、协议列表等贴到rwe中
    methodizeClass(cls, previously);

    return cls;
}

  • realizeClassWithoutSwift步骤分析

realizeClassWithoutSwift从源代码中可以得出,主要是实现类,如果没有实现就将data中的数据加载到内存中
第一步:将data中的数据读取到rw和ro;
第二步:双向链表指向关系,父类中可以找到子类 子类中也可以找到父类;
第三步:方法:将属性列表、方法列表、协议列表等贴到rwe中

  • 【第一步】data数据的读取,rw初始化,并且将ro(ro表示 readOnly,即只读,其在编译时就已经确定了内存,包含类名称、方法、协议和实例变量的信息,由于是只读的,所以属于Clean Memory,而Clean Memory是指加载后不会发生更改的内存)数据拷贝一份到rw(rw 表示 readWrite,即可读可写,由于其动态性,可能会往类中添加属性、方法、添加协议)的ro中。
   auto ro = (const class_ro_t *)cls->data();
    auto isMeta = ro->flags & RO_META;
    if (ro->flags & RO_FUTURE) {
        // This was a future class. rw data is already allocated.
        rw = cls->data();
        ro = cls->data()->ro();
        ASSERT(!isMeta);
        cls->changeInfo(RW_REALIZED|RW_REALIZING, RW_FUTURE);
    } else {
        // Normal class. Allocate writeable class data.
        //此时将数据读取进来了,也赋值完毕了
        rw = objc::zalloc<class_rw_t>();//申请开辟zalloc--rw
        rw->set_ro(ro);//rw中的ro设置为临时变量ro
        rw->flags = RW_REALIZED|RW_REALIZING|isMeta;
        cls->setData(rw);//将cls的data赋值为rw形式
    }
  • 【第二步】完善继承链,递归实现realizeClassWithoutSwift来完善继承链,并将父类和元类给当前类,分别是isa和父类的对应值,通过addSubclass 和 addRootClass设置父子的双向链表指向关系,即父类中可以找到子类,子类中可以找到父类。
 // Realize superclass and metaclass, if they aren't already.
    // This needs to be done after RW_REALIZED is set above, for root classes.
    // This needs to be done after class index is chosen, for root metaclasses.
    // This assumes that none of those classes have Swift contents,
    //   or that Swift's initializers have already been called.
    //   fixme that assumption will be wrong if we add support
    //   for ObjC subclasses of Swift classes. --
    //递归调用realizeClassWithoutSwift完善继承链,并处理当前类的父类、元类
    //递归实现 设置当前类、父类、元类的 rw,主要目的是确定继承链 (类继承链、元类继承链)
    //实现元类、父类
    //当isa找到根元类之后,根元类的isa是指向自己的,不会返回nil从而导致死循环——remapClass中对类在表中进行查找的操作,如果表中已有该类,则返回一个空值;如果没有则返回当前类,这样保证了类只加载一次并结束递归
    supercls = realizeClassWithoutSwift(remapClass(cls->superclass), nil);
    metacls = realizeClassWithoutSwift(remapClass(cls->ISA()), nil);
    
...

// Update superclass and metaclass in case of remapping -- class 是 双向链表结构 即父子关系都确认了
// 将父类和元类给我们的类 分别是isa和父类的对应值
cls->superclass = supercls;
cls->initClassIsa(metacls);

...

// Connect this class to its superclass's subclass lists
//双向链表指向关系 父类中可以找到子类 子类中也可以找到父类
//通过addSubclass把当前类放到父类的子类列表中去
if (supercls) {
    addSubclass(supercls, cls);
} else {
    addRootClass(cls);
}

-【第三步】methodizeClass方法将属性列表、方法列表、协议列表等贴到rwe中

/***********************************************************************
* methodizeClass
* Fixes up cls's method list, protocol list, and property list.
* Attaches any outstanding categories.
* Locking: runtimeLock must be held by the caller
**********************************************************************/
static void methodizeClass(Class cls, Class previously)
{
    runtimeLock.assertLocked();

    bool isMeta = cls->isMetaClass();
    auto rw = cls->data();//初始化一个rw
    auto ro = rw->ro();
    auto rwe = rw->ext();
    
    const char *mangledName  = cls->mangledName();
    const char *LGPersonName = "LGPerson";

    if (strcmp(mangledName, LGPersonName) == 0) {
        bool kc_isMeta = cls->isMetaClass();
        auto kc_rw = cls->data();
        auto kc_ro = kc_rw->ro();
        if (!kc_isMeta) {
            printf("%s: 这个是我要研究的 %s \n",__func__,LGPersonName);
        }
    }

    // Methodizing for the first time
    if (PrintConnecting) {
        _objc_inform("CLASS: methodizing class '%s' %s", 
                     cls->nameForLogging(), isMeta ? "(meta)" : "");
    }

    // Install methods and properties that the class implements itself.
    //将属性列表、方法列表、协议列表等贴到rw中
    // 将ro中的方法列表加入到rw中
    method_list_t *list = ro->baseMethods();
    if (list) {
        //进行方法排序
        prepareMethodLists(cls, &list, 1, YES, isBundleClass(cls));
        if (rwe) rwe->methods.attachLists(&list, 1);
    }
     //加入属性
    property_list_t *proplist = ro->baseProperties;
    if (rwe && proplist) {
        rwe->properties.attachLists(&proplist, 1);
    }
    //加入列表
    protocol_list_t *protolist = ro->baseProtocols;
    if (rwe && protolist) {
        rwe->protocols.attachLists(&protolist, 1);
    }

    // Root classes get bonus method implementations if they don't have 
    // them already. These apply before category replacements.
    if (cls->isRootMetaclass()) {
        // root metaclass
        addMethod(cls, @selector(initialize), (IMP)&objc_noop_imp, "", NO);
    }

    // Attach categories.
    //加入分类
    if (previously) {
        if (isMeta) {
        
            objc::unattachedCategories.attachToClass(cls, previously,
                                                     ATTACH_METACLASS);
        } else {
            // When a class relocates, categories with class methods
            // may be registered on the class itself rather than on
            // the metaclass. Tell attachToClass to look for those.
            objc::unattachedCategories.attachToClass(cls, previously,
                                                     ATTACH_CLASS_AND_METACLASS);
        }
    }
    objc::unattachedCategories.attachToClass(cls, cls,
                                             isMeta ? ATTACH_METACLASS : ATTACH_CLASS);

#if DEBUG
    // Debug: sanity-check all SELs; log method list contents
    for (const auto& meth : rw->methods()) {
        if (PrintConnecting) {
            _objc_inform("METHOD %c[%s %s]", isMeta ? '+' : '-', 
                         cls->nameForLogging(), sel_getName(meth.name));
        }
        ASSERT(sel_registerName(sel_getName(meth.name)) == meth.name); 
    }
#endif
}

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