在做这个例子之前，首先要安装zookeeper和kafka。然后按照下面的步骤去做。这个例子还演示了消费者失败重试怎么实现。
    一，使用SPRING INITIALIZR https://start.spring.io/ 添加kafka依赖，生成项目，pom.xml如下

   <dependencies>
       <dependency>
           <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
           <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
       </dependency>
       <dependency>
           <groupId>org.springframework.kafka</groupId>
           <artifactId>spring-kafka</artifactId>
           <exclusions>
               <exclusion>
                   <groupId>org.apache.kafka</groupId>
                   <artifactId>kafka-clients</artifactId>
               </exclusion>
           </exclusions>
       </dependency>
       <dependency>
           <groupId>org.apache.kafka</groupId>
           <artifactId>kafka-clients</artifactId>
           <version>2.0.0</version>
       </dependency>
       <dependency>
           <groupId>org.springframework.retry</groupId>
           <artifactId>spring-retry</artifactId>
       </dependency>
       <dependency>
           <groupId>org.aspectj</groupId>
           <artifactId>aspectjweaver</artifactId>
       </dependency>

       <dependency>
           <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
           <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
           <optional>true</optional>
       </dependency>
       <dependency>
           <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
           <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
           <scope>test</scope>
       </dependency>
   </dependencies>

    二，在application.yml中配置kafka

spring:
  kafka:
    consumer:
      bootstrap-servers: 127.0.0.1:9092
      enable-auto-commit: false
      value-deserializer: org.springframework.kafka.support.serializer.JsonDeserializer
      properties:
        spring:
          json:
            trusted:
              packages: com.vcredit.kafkademo.dto
      group-id: demo
    producer:
      bootstrap-servers: 127.0.0.1:9092
      retries: 0
      batch-size: 4096
      buffer-memory: 40960
      value-serializer: org.springframework.kafka.support.serializer.JsonSerializer
    listener:
      ack-mode: manual_immediate
      concurrency: 2

    三，写listener

@Slf4j
@Component
@KafkaListener(id = "multi", topics = "myTopic")
public class Listener {
    @KafkaHandler
    public void listen(String foo, Acknowledgment acknowledgment) {
        log.info("String:" + foo);
        acknowledgment.acknowledge();
    }

    @KafkaHandler
    @Retryable(value = Exception.class, maxAttempts = MAX_VALUE, backoff = @Backoff(delay = 2000, multiplier = 1.5))
    public void listen(Integer bar, Acknowledgment acknowledgment) throws Exception {
        log.info("Integer:" + bar);
        if (Math.random() > 0.5) {
            log.error("ERROR INTEGER!");
            throw new Exception("Integer err");
        } else {
            acknowledgment.acknowledge();
        }
    }

    @KafkaHandler(isDefault = true)
    public void listenDefault(Foo foo, Acknowledgment acknowledgment) {
        boolean commitOffsets = false;

        while (!commitOffsets) {
            try {
                handleMessage(foo.getMsg());
                commitOffsets = true;
            } catch (CustomException e) {
                log.error("Exception caught. Not committing offset to Kafka.");
                commitOffsets = false;
            }
        }

        if (commitOffsets) {
            log.info("No exceptions, committing offsets.");
            acknowledgment.acknowledge();
        }
    }

    private void handleMessage(String message) throws CustomException {

        log.info("Busy handling message!");

        int messageLength = message.length();
        log.info("Message length: " + messageLength);

        Random random = new Random();
        int randomNumber = random.nextInt(100);

        log.info("Random number: " + randomNumber);

        if ((randomNumber % 2) != 0) {
            throw new CustomException("Odd number generated, so throwing this exception");
        }

        log.info("Even number generated, committing offsets.");
    }
}

    对象Foo的定义为：

@Getter
@Setter
@ToString
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
public class Foo implements Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -6257237213654214992L;
    private Integer id;
    private String msg;
}

    四，简单测试一下

@Slf4j
@Component
public class MyRunner implements CommandLineRunner {
    @Autowired
    private KafkaTemplate<String, Object> kafkaTemplate;

    private static final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(3);

    @Override
    public void run(String... args) throws Exception {
        kafkaTemplate.send("myTopic", new Foo(1, "test1"))
                .addCallback((sendResult) -> {
                            log.info(sendResult.toString());
                            countDownLatch.countDown();
                        },
                        (throwable) -> {
                            log.error("error", throwable);
                            countDownLatch.countDown();
                        });

        kafkaTemplate.send("myTopic", 1)
                .addCallback((sendResult) -> {
                            log.info(sendResult.toString());
                            countDownLatch.countDown();
                        },
                        (throwable) -> {
                            log.error("error", throwable);
                            countDownLatch.countDown();
                        });

        kafkaTemplate.send("myTopic", "demo")
                .addCallback((sendResult) -> {
                            log.info(sendResult.toString());
                            countDownLatch.countDown();
                        },
                        (throwable) -> {
                            log.error("error", throwable);
                            countDownLatch.countDown();
                        });

        countDownLatch.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    }
}