Text A
注：自己查找结合老师课堂所讲的内容翻译的，有疏漏之处希望能在评论中指出
1-a-1
Since there seems to be no universals of "human nature" that can be used as a basis for automatic understanding, we must treat each encounter as an individual case, searching for whatever perceptions and communication means are held in common and proceed from there.
既然没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每次交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。
1-a-2
Without being alert to possible differences and the need to learn new rules for functioning, persons going from one city to the other will be in immediate trouble, even when acting simple roles such as pedestrian and driver.
如果没有意识到可能存在的差异和学习生活的新规则的需要，从一个城市去另一个城市人将会立刻陷入困境，甚至在完成诸如行人、司机之类的简单角色时也会如此。
1-a-3
The confidence that goes with the myth of similarity is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiring tentative assumptions and behaviors and a willingness to accept the anxiety of "not knowing".
相信相似性的错误观念比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为并且乐意接受由于“不知道”而产生的焦虑。
1-a-4
Thus, nodding, smiling, and affirmative comments will probably be confidently interpreted as meaning that they have informed,helped, and pleased the newcomer. It is likely, however, that the foreigner actually understood very little of the verbal and nonverbal content and was merely indicating polite interest or trying not to embarrass himself or herself of the host with verbalized questions.
这样一来，外国人的点头、微笑和表示肯定的话语很可能会被自信地阐释为他们已经告知、帮助和取悦了外国人。然而，很有可能的是，外国人实际上不大懂语言的和非语言的内容，仅仅只是出于礼貌显示出感兴趣或者尽量不使自己或主人感到尴尬而没有说出心中疑问。
1-a-5
A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context.
更糟糕的问题是执着于新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾其隐含义和语言背景。
1-a-6
If the label "inscrutable" has preceded the Japanese guest, it is thus we explain the Japanese constant and inappropriate smile.
如果我们在遇到日本人之前就对日本人有了“难以理解的”称谓，那么我们就会如此地解释始终挂在日本人脸上的不合时宜的微笑。
1-a-7
A professor who expects everyone from Indonesia, Mexico, and many other countries to "bargain" may unfairly interpret a hesitation or request from an international student as a move to manipulate preferential treatment.
如果一位教授认为来自印度尼西亚、墨西哥和一些其他国家的人都“爱讨价还价”，那么可能会不公平地把一个外国学生的迟疑或请求理解为他们行使优待的举动。
1-a-8
In a foreign land their use increases our feeling of security and is psychologically necessary to the degree that we cannot tolerate ambiguity or the sense of helplessness resulting from inability to understand and deal with people and situations beyond our comprehension.
在异国他乡，运用它们会增强我们的安全感，在心理上是必要的，因为我们不能容忍因无法理解和处理在与其他人相处和一些情况导致的歧义或者无助感。
1-a-9
Stereotypes are stumbling blocks for communicators because they interfere with objective viewing of stimuli--the sensitive search for cues to guide the imagination toward the other persons' reality.
对于交流者来说程式化思维是绊脚石，因为这些思维有碍于其对刺激物的客观观察，即会敏感地搜寻线索，引导我们的想象更接近于其他人的现实。
1-a-10
We can train ourselves to meet intercultural encounters with more attention to situational details, using an investigative approach rather than preconceptions and stereotypes.
我们可以培养自己在面对跨文化遭遇时，更加注意情景细节,采用调查的方式，而不采用先入为主或程式化思维。
