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数字版权声明
图灵程序设计丛书
人 民 邮 电 出 版 社
北 京
Client-Server Web
Apps with JavaScript and Java
[美］Casimir Saternos 著
王群锋 杜欢 译
全端Web开发
使用JavaScript与Java
Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Tokyo
O’Reilly Media, Inc.授权人民邮电出版社出版
内 容 提 要
JavaScript 和Java 这两大生态系统之间如何协同，成为所有Web 开发人员共同面临的问题。
本书应运而生，全面又简练地为读者展示了最新的C/S 应用开发范式。本书以Java 和JavaScript
这两种最流行的服务器与客户端开发环境为例，全面讲解了最新的C/S 应用开发范式。作者不仅
讲解了很多实用的C/S 开发架构，还通过各种实例进一步强化了读者的认知。
这是一本写给Java 程序员的完整的最新C/S 应用开发范式的指南。
定价：59.00元
读者服务热线：(010)51095186转600 印装质量热线：(010)81055316
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广告经营许可证：京崇工商广字第 0021 号
著 [美] Casimir Saternos
译 王群锋 杜 欢
责任编辑 毛倩倩
执行编辑 毛倩倩 岳新欣
责任印制 杨林杰
人民邮电出版社出版发行 北京市丰台区成寿寺路11号
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字数：326千字 2015年 8 月第 1 版
印数：1 — 3 500册 2015年 8 月北京第 1次印刷
著作权合同登记号 图字：01-2014-8385号
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v
目录
前言 ........................................................................................................................................................xiii
第1 章 因变而变 ................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Web 用户 ....................................................................................................................................2
1.2 技术 .............................................................................................................................................2
1.3 软件开发 .....................................................................................................................................3
1.4 哪些没变 .....................................................................................................................................4
1.4.1 Web 的本质 ....................................................................................................................5
1.4.2 为什么说服务器驱动的Web 开发有害 .......................................................................6
1.5 为什么需要客户端- 服务器端的Web 应用 ...........................................................................7
1.5.1 代码组织结构/ 软件架构 .............................................................................................7
1.5.2 “设计的灵活性”与“使用开源API” .........................................................................7
1.5.3 原型 ................................................................................................................................7
1.5.4 开发者的效率 ................................................................................................................8
1.5.5 应用性能 ........................................................................................................................8
1.6 小结 .............................................................................................................................................9
第2 章 JavaScript 和JavaScript 工具 .....................................................................................11
2.1 学习JavaScript .........................................................................................................................12
2.2 JavaScript 的历史 .....................................................................................................................13
2.3 一门函数式语言 .......................................................................................................................14
2.3.1 作用域 ..........................................................................................................................15
2.3.2 一级函数 ......................................................................................................................16
2.3.3 函数声明和表达式 ......................................................................................................17
2.3.4 函数调用 ......................................................................................................................19
vi ｜ 目录
2.3.5 函数参数 ......................................................................................................................19
2.3.6 对象 ..............................................................................................................................20
2.4 面向Java 开发者的JavaScript ................................................................................................20
2.4.1 HelloWord.java .............................................................................................................20
2.4.2 带变量的HelloWord.java ............................................................................................23
2.5 最佳开发实践 ...........................................................................................................................25
2.5.1 编码规范和约定 ..........................................................................................................25
2.5.2 浏览器 ..........................................................................................................................26
2.5.3 集成开发环境 ..............................................................................................................26
2.5.4 单元测试 ......................................................................................................................27
2.5.5 文档 ..............................................................................................................................27
2.6 项目 ...........................................................................................................................................27
第3 章 REST 和JSON ................................................................................................................33
3.1 什么是REST ............................................................................................................................34
3.1.1 资源 ..............................................................................................................................34
3.1.2 动词（HTTP 请求） .....................................................................................................34
3.1.3 统一资源标识符 ..........................................................................................................35
3.2 REST 约束 ................................................................................................................................36
3.2.1 客户端- 服务器端 ......................................................................................................36
3.2.2 无状态 ..........................................................................................................................36
3.2.3 可缓存 ..........................................................................................................................37
3.2.4 统一接口 ......................................................................................................................37
3.2.5 分层 ..............................................................................................................................38
3.2.6 按需交付代码 ..............................................................................................................38
3.3 HTTP 响应代码 ........................................................................................................................38
3.4 JSON .........................................................................................................................................39
3.5 HATEOAS ................................................................................................................................40
3.6 API 衡量和分类 .......................................................................................................................43
3.7 函数式编程和REST ................................................................................................................43
3.8 项目 ...........................................................................................................................................44
3.9 其他Web API 工具 ..................................................................................................................48
3.10 约束回顾 .................................................................................................................................48
第4 章 Java 工具 ............................................................................................................................49
4.1 Java 语言 ...................................................................................................................................49
4.2 Java 虚拟机 ...............................................................................................................................50
4.3 Java 工具 ...................................................................................................................................51
4.4 构建工具 ...................................................................................................................................52
4.4.1 Maven 的优点 ..............................................................................................................54
目录 ｜ vii
4.4.2 Maven 的功能 ..............................................................................................................54
4.4.3 版本控制 ......................................................................................................................55
4.4.4 单元测试 ......................................................................................................................56
4.5 处理JSON 的Java 类库 ..........................................................................................................56
4.6 项目 ...........................................................................................................................................57
4.6.1 用Java 处理JSON .......................................................................................................57
4.6.2 用JVM 上的脚本语言处理JSON ..............................................................................59
4.7 小结 ...........................................................................................................................................62
第5 章 客户端框架 .........................................................................................................................65
5.1 概述 ...........................................................................................................................................65
5.2 起点一：响应式Web 设计 .....................................................................................................67
5.2.1 HTML5 Boilerplate ......................................................................................................68
5.2.2 Bootstrap .......................................................................................................................68
5.3 起点二：JavaScript 库和框架 .................................................................................................69
5.3.1 浏览器兼容性 ..............................................................................................................69
5.3.2 框架 ..............................................................................................................................69
5.3.3 功能 ..............................................................................................................................70
5.3.4 流行程度 ......................................................................................................................70
5.4 获取起始项目 ...........................................................................................................................71
5.4.1 直接从仓库下载 ..........................................................................................................71
5.4.2 从入门网站下载 ..........................................................................................................71
5.4.3 IDE 生成的起始项目 ...................................................................................................72
5.5 前端工程师的崛起 ...................................................................................................................72
5.5.1 客户端模板 ..................................................................................................................72
5.5.2 资源管道 ......................................................................................................................73
5.5.3 开发流程 ......................................................................................................................74
5.6 项目 ...........................................................................................................................................74
5.7 小结 ...........................................................................................................................................76
第6 章 Java Web API 服务器 .....................................................................................................77
6.1 更简单的服务器端解决方案 ...................................................................................................77
6.2 基于Java 的服务器 ..................................................................................................................79
6.2.1 Java HTTP 服务器 .......................................................................................................79
6.2.2 Jetty 嵌入式服务器 ......................................................................................................81
6.2.3 Restlet ...........................................................................................................................82
6.2.4 Roo ................................................................................................................................83
6.2.5 Netty 嵌入式服务器.....................................................................................................87
6.2.6 Play 服务器 ..................................................................................................................89
6.2.7 其他轻量级服务器 ......................................................................................................92
viii ｜ 目录
6.3 基于JVM 的服务器 .................................................................................................................92
6.4 Web 应用服务器 ......................................................................................................................93
6.5 如何在开发中使用 ...................................................................................................................94
6.6 小结 ...........................................................................................................................................94
第7 章 快速开发实践 ....................................................................................................................95
7.1 开发者的生产率 .......................................................................................................................95
7.2 优化开发者和团队的工作流程 ...............................................................................................98
7.2.1 例子：修复Web 应用 .................................................................................................99
7.2.2 例子：测试集成 ........................................................................................................100
7.2.3 例子：绿地开发 ........................................................................................................101
7.3 生产率和软件开发生命周期 .................................................................................................101
7.3.1 管理方式和企业文化 ................................................................................................102
7.3.2 技术架构 ....................................................................................................................102
7.3.3 软件工具 ....................................................................................................................103
7.3.4 性能 ............................................................................................................................104
7.3.5 测试 ............................................................................................................................104
7.3.6 底层平台 ....................................................................................................................105
7.4 小结 .........................................................................................................................................106
第8 章 API 设计 ............................................................................................................................107
8.1 设计的起点 .............................................................................................................................108
8.2 实用的Web API 与REST API ..............................................................................................109
8.3 指引 .........................................................................................................................................110
8.3.1 名词即资源，动词即HTTP 行为 ............................................................................110
8.3.2 请求参数作为修饰符 ................................................................................................ 111
8.3.3 Web API 版本 .............................................................................................................112
8.3.4 HTTP 标头 .................................................................................................................113
8.3.5 链接 ............................................................................................................................113
8.3.6 响应 ............................................................................................................................113
8.3.7 文档 ............................................................................................................................113
8.3.8 格式约定 ....................................................................................................................114
8.3.9 安全性 ........................................................................................................................114
8.4 项目 .........................................................................................................................................114
8.4.1 运行项目 ....................................................................................................................114
8.4.2 服务端代码 ................................................................................................................115
8.4.3 Curl 和jQuery ............................................................................................................117
8.5 实践理论 .................................................................................................................................118
目录 ｜ ix
第9 章 jQuery 和Jython .............................................................................................................119
9.1 服务端：Jython ......................................................................................................................120
9.1.1 Python Web 服务器 ....................................................................................................120
9.1.2 Jython Web 服务器 .....................................................................................................120
9.1.3 Mock API ....................................................................................................................121
9.2 客户端：jQuery ......................................................................................................................122
9.2.1 DOM 遍历和操作 ......................................................................................................122
9.2.2 实用函数 ....................................................................................................................123
9.2.3 效果 ............................................................................................................................124
9.2.4 事件处理 ....................................................................................................................124
9.2.5 Ajax .............................................................................................................................124
9.3 jQuery 和更高级的抽象 .........................................................................................................125
9.4 项目 .........................................................................................................................................125
9.4.1 基础HTML ................................................................................................................126
9.4.2 JavaScript 和jQuery ...................................................................................................126
9.5 小结 .........................................................................................................................................128
第10 章 JRuby 和Angular ........................................................................................................129
10.1 服务器端：JRuby 和Sinatra ...............................................................................................130
10.1.1 工作流 .....................................................................................................................130
10.1.2 交互式Ruby shell ...................................................................................................131
10.1.3 Ruby 版本管理器 ...................................................................................................131
10.1.4 包 .............................................................................................................................132
10.1.5 Sinatra ......................................................................................................................133
10.1.6 JSON 处理 ..............................................................................................................134
10.2 客户端：AngularJS ..............................................................................................................135
10.2.1 模型 .........................................................................................................................135
10.2.2 视图 .........................................................................................................................135
10.2.3 控制器 .....................................................................................................................136
10.2.4 服务 .........................................................................................................................136
10.3 比较jQuery 和Angular ........................................................................................................136
10.3.1 DOM 和模型操作 ...................................................................................................136
10.3.2 Angular 的不可见性 ...............................................................................................137
10.4 项目 .......................................................................................................................................137
10.5 小结 .......................................................................................................................................143
第11 章 打包和部署 .....................................................................................................................145
11.1 打包Java 和JEE 应用 .........................................................................................................145
11.2 JEE 应用的部署 ...................................................................................................................147
x ｜ 目录
11.2.1 图形界面管理 .........................................................................................................148
11.2.2 命令行管理 .............................................................................................................150
11.3 非JEE 应用的部署 ..............................................................................................................151
11.3.1 服务器在应用之外 .................................................................................................152
11.3.2 服务器和应用并行 .................................................................................................152
11.3.3 服务器在应用里面 .................................................................................................154
11.4 不同部署方式带来的影响 ...................................................................................................154
11.4.1 负载均衡 .................................................................................................................155
11.4.2 自动化应用部署 .....................................................................................................156
11.5 项目 .......................................................................................................................................157
11.5.1 客户端 .....................................................................................................................157
11.5.2 服务器端 .................................................................................................................158
11.6 小结 .......................................................................................................................................158
第12 章 虚拟化 ..............................................................................................................................159
12.1 全虚拟化 ...............................................................................................................................159
12.2 虚拟机的实现 .......................................................................................................................161
12.2.1 VMWare ..................................................................................................................161
12.2.2 VirtualBox ...............................................................................................................161
12.2.3 Amazon EC2 ...........................................................................................................161
12.3 虚拟机的管理 .......................................................................................................................162
12.3.1 Vagrant ....................................................................................................................162
12.3.2 Packer ......................................................................................................................162
12.3.3 DevOps 配置管理 ...................................................................................................163
12.4 容器 .......................................................................................................................................163
12.4.1 LXC .........................................................................................................................164
12.4.2 Docker .....................................................................................................................164
12.5 项目 .......................................................................................................................................165
12.5.1 Docker 帮助 ............................................................................................................166
12.5.2 镜像和容器的维护 .................................................................................................166
12.5.3 在Docker 里使用Java ...........................................................................................167
12.5.4 Docker 和Vagrant 的网络设置 ..............................................................................169
12.6 小结 .......................................................................................................................................170
第13 章 测试和文档 .....................................................................................................................171
13.1 测试的种类 ...........................................................................................................................172
13.1.1 “正式”与“非正式” .............................................................................................172
13.1.2 测试范围 .................................................................................................................172
13.1.3 谁来测？测什么？为谁测 .....................................................................................173
13.2 测试反映了组织的成熟度 ...................................................................................................173
目录 ｜ xi
13.2.1 使用软件能力成熟度模型评价流程 .....................................................................173
13.2.2 使用Maven 促进流程统一 ....................................................................................174
13.2.3 使用行为驱动开发促进流程统一 .........................................................................176
13.3 测试框架 ...............................................................................................................................176
13.3.1 JUnit ........................................................................................................................177
13.3.2 Jasmine ....................................................................................................................177
13.3.3 Cucumber ................................................................................................................178
13.4 项目 .......................................................................................................................................179
13.4.1 JUnit ........................................................................................................................180
13.4.2 Jasmine ....................................................................................................................180
13.4.3 Cucumber ................................................................................................................181
13.4.4 Maven 报告 .............................................................................................................181
13.5 小结 .......................................................................................................................................182
第14 章 总结 ..................................................................................................................................183
14.1 社区 .......................................................................................................................................183
14.2 历史 .......................................................................................................................................184
14.3 尾声 .......................................................................................................................................184
附录A JRuby IRB 及Java API ................................................................................................185
附录B REST 式的Web API 总结 ............................................................................................191
附录C 参考文献 ............................................................................................................................196
