一、关系代名词的功用 => 连接词+代名词
例：1. I have a friend. The friend lives in Paris. (我有一个朋友。他住在巴黎)
=> I have a friend and he lives in Paris.
=> I have a friend who lives in Paris. (who是关系代名词，a friend为先行词)
注意：语顺为先行词+关系代名词。但也有下列句子
例：1. There was an old man in the apartment who was very rich. (公寓里有一位非常富有的老人)
2. I met two girls, one of whom is my cousin. (我遇到了两个女孩，其中一个是我的表妹)
二、关系代名词的种类
主格 + V 所有格 + N 受格 + S +V +(介词)
先行词为人： who whose who(m)
先行词为事/物/动物： which whose which
先行词为人/事物/动物： that whose that
例：1. 主格+动词 => the man who talked to me.
2. 所有格+名词 => the man whose car was stolen.
3. 受格+主词+动词 => the man who(m) I met.
1. 主格的关系代名词
(1) 主格 who => 先行词(人) + 主格关系代名词(who) + 动词
例：1. The man is my father. The man wears sunglasses.
=> The man who wears sunglasses is my father. (戴墨镜的人是我父亲)
2. I don't like people. They get out of temper easily.
=> I don't like people who get out of temper easily. (我不喜欢容易发脾气的人)
(2) 主格 which => 先行词(事物/动物) + 主格关系代名词(which) + 动词
例：1. I live in the house. The house stands on the hill.
=> I live in the house which stands on the hill. (我住在山丘上的房子里)
2. English is a language. Is is spoken all over the world.
=> English is a language which is spoken all over the world. (英语是全世界通用的语言)
(3) 主格 that => 先行词(人/事物/动物) + 主格关系代名词(that) + 动词
例：1. People (who / that) help doctors and look after patients are called nurses. (帮助医生和照顾病人的人被称为护士)
2. I like the building (which / that) was designed by Mr.Wu. (我喜欢这栋被吴先生设计出来的大楼)
注意：主格的关系代名词其后所接的动词须与先行词一致
例：1. Tom is one of the boys who are fond of sports. (汤姆是喜欢运动的男孩之一)
2. I know a child who is good at surfing. (我认识一个擅长冲浪的孩子)
3. Adults don't like children who tell lies. (大人不喜欢说谎的孩子)
2. that 的不同用法
(1) 指示代名词 (那)
例：The weather in Kaohsiung is hotter than that in Taipei. (高雄的天气比台北热)
(2) 指示形容词
例：Look at that dog. (看看那只狗)
(3) 关系代名词
例：The boy that is playing the guitar is Jimmy. (弹吉他的男孩叫吉米)
(4) 连接词
例：I think that honesty is the best policy. (我认为诚实是最好的政策)
3. 所有格的关系代名词
所有格whose => 先行词(人,事物,动物) + 所有格关系代名词(whose) + 名词
例：1. I know a girl. Her father is a journalist.
=> I know a girl whose father is a journalist. (我认识一个女孩，她父亲是一名记者)
2. Look at the house. Its roof was damaged.
=> Look at the house whose roof was damaged. (看那屋顶受损的房子)
4. 受格的关系代名词
受格whom => 先行词(人) + 受格关系代名词(whom) + S + V + (介)
例：1. The man is a teacher. She married him.
=> The man whom she married is a teacher. (她嫁的男人是一名教师)
2. The woman has just left the office. You want to see her.
=> The woman whom you want to see has just left the office. (您想见的那位女士刚刚离开办公室)
受格which => 先行词(事物,动物) + 受格关系代名词(which) + S + V + (介)
例：1. Here is a magazine. I borrowed it from Miss Wang.
=> Here is a magazine which I borrowed from Miss Wang. (这是我从王老师那里借来的一本杂志)
2. Remember the advice. I gave you the advice.
=> Remember the advice which I gave you. (记住我给你的忠告)
受格that => 先行词(人,事物,动物) + 受格关系代名词(that) + S +V + (介)
例：1. The little girl is very cute. My dad is talking to her.
=> The little girl that my dad is talking to is very cute. (和我爸爸说话的小女孩非常可爱)
2. The sandwiches that we ate for lunch were not delicious. (我们午餐吃的三明治不好吃)
特别注意的关系代名词
(1) 受格的关系代名词可以省略
例：Soccer is the sport (which / that) I like the best (足球是我最喜欢的运动) (which或that可以省略)
(2) 介系词 + 受格关系代名词
例：1. The woman (whom / who / that) you are speaking of is our principal. (你说的那位女士是我们的校长)
=> The woman of whom you are speaking is our principal. (当介系词放在受格关系代名词前时,先行词是人时只能用whom,不能省略)
2. The train (which / that) I am waiting for is now half an hour late. (我等的火车晚点了半小时)
=> The train for which I am waiting is now half an hour late. (当介系词放在受格关系代名词前时,先行词是物时只能用which,不能省略)
(3) 关系代名词只能用that
① 先行词前有最高级
例：Today is the coldest day that we have ever experienced. (今天是我们经历过最寒冷的一天)
② 先行词前有序数
例：Kenny was the first boy that rushed out of the classroom. (肯尼是第一个冲出教室的男生)
③ 先行词为人、事物或动物同时出现
例：Take a look at the boy and his dog that are coming this way. (看看正朝这里走来的男孩和他的狗)
④ 先行词前有疑问词who、which时，避免重复
例：1. Who that has seen the photos of starving children does not want to help them? (看过饥饿儿童照片的人谁不想帮助他们？)
2. Which was the bag that you left in the train? (你落在火车上的包是哪个？)
⑤ 先行词有all、no、every、any、~thing、~one
例：1. All that students have to do is study hard. (学生们要做的就是努力学习)
2. She has everything that a woman could wish for. (她拥有女人想要的一切)
⑥ 先行词前有the only(唯一)、the same(一个样)、the very(正是)
例：1. He was the only one that trusted me. (他是唯一信任我的人)
2. This is the very novel that I've looked for. (这正是我一直在寻找的小说)
(4) 限定用法及非限定用法
① 限定用法 => 对先行词的内容加以限定
例：They had two daughters who became actresses. (他们有两个当演员的女儿)
② 非限定用法 => 对先行词不加限定，仅使句子连贯
例：They had two daughters, who became actresses. (他们有两个女儿，都成为了演员)
比较：
1. 限定 => 无逗号，可用that代替，受格关系代名词可以省略
例： The old man has a son (who / that) lives in Taipei. (老人有个儿子住在台北)
2. 非限定 => 有逗号，不可用that代替，受格关系代名词不能省略
例：1. The old man has a son, who lives in Taipei. (老人有个儿子，住在台北)
2. I, who am your best friend, certainly will help you. (我是你最好的朋友，当然会帮助你)
3. My brother, who is a dentist, is studying in the US. ( 我的哥哥是一名牙医，正在美国学习)
(5) 关系代名词的同义表现
① 名词 + 主格关系代名词 + V => 名词 + 现在分词(表主动)
例：There is a notice that says, "No parking". (有一张告示写着 "禁止停车")
=> There is a notice saying, "No parking".
② 名词 + 主格关系代名词 + beV + 过去分词 => 名词 + 过去分词(表被动)
例：This is a cake which was made by Mrs.White. (这是怀特夫人制作的蛋糕)
=> This is a cake made by Mrs.White.
③ 名词 + who + (have / has / had) => 名词 + (with / having)
例：She is a girl who has blond hair. (她是一个有着金色头发的女孩)
=> She is a girl having blond hair.
=> She is a girl with blond hair.
三. 修饰名词的字、片语、字句
1. 置于名词前的形容词、分词
① (一个字)形容词 + 名词
例：a red flower (一朵红花)
② (一个字) 现在分词 + 名词
例：a blooming flower (一朵盛开的花朵)
③ (一个字) 过去分词 + 名词
例：a fallen flower (一朵落花)
2. 置于名词后的形容词、形容词片语、形容词字句
① ~thing / ~body + 形容词
例： something interesting (某件有趣的事情)
② 名词 + 形容词片语(由介系词、分词、不定词引导)
例：1. The pen (on the desk) is mine. (桌上的笔是我的)
2. Will you give me a pen (which I can write with / to write with)? (请给我一支可以用它写字的笔)
3. He drew a cat sleeping on the chair. (他画了一只在椅子上睡觉的猫)
4. This is the window broken by Tom. (这是汤姆打碎的窗户)
③ 名词 + 形容词字句(由关系代名词引导)
例：Do you think the lady who wears a dress is pretty? (你觉得穿裙子的女士漂亮吗？)
句子可以根据之前所学转为：Do you think the lady wearing a dress is pretty? (用现在分词)
Do you think the lady in a dress is pretty? (用介系词)
