链接爬虫
import re
import urlparse
import urllib2
import time
from datetime import datetime
import robotparser
import Queue
def link_crawler(seed_url, link_regex=None, delay=5, max_depth=-1, max_urls=-1, headers=None, user_agent='wswp', proxy=None, num_retries=1):
"""Crawl from the given seed URL following links matched by link_regex
"""
# the queue of URL's that still need to be crawled
crawl_queue = Queue.deque([seed_url])
# the URL's that have been seen and at what depth
seen = {seed_url: 0}
# track how many URL's have been downloaded
num_urls = 0
rp = get_robots(seed_url)
throttle = Throttle(delay)
headers = headers or {}
if user_agent:
headers['User-agent'] = user_agent
while crawl_queue:
url = crawl_queue.pop()
# check url passes robots.txt restrictions
if rp.can_fetch(user_agent, url):
throttle.wait(url)
html = download(url, headers, proxy=proxy, num_retries=num_retries)
links = []
depth = seen[url]
if depth != max_depth:
# can still crawl further
if link_regex:
# filter for links matching our regular expression
links.extend(link for link in get_links(html) if re.match(link_regex, link))
for link in links:
link = normalize(seed_url, link)
# check whether already crawled this link
if link not in seen:
seen[link] = depth + 1
# check link is within same domain
if same_domain(seed_url, link):
# success! add this new link to queue
crawl_queue.append(link)
# check whether have reached downloaded maximum
num_urls += 1
if num_urls == max_urls:
break
else:
print 'Blocked by robots.txt:', url
class Throttle:
"""Throttle downloading by sleeping between requests to same domain
"""
def __init__(self, delay):
# amount of delay between downloads for each domain
self.delay = delay
# timestamp of when a domain was last accessed
self.domains = {}
def wait(self, url):
domain = urlparse.urlparse(url).netloc
last_accessed = self.domains.get(domain)
if self.delay > 0 and last_accessed is not None:
sleep_secs = self.delay - (datetime.now() - last_accessed).seconds
if sleep_secs > 0:
time.sleep(sleep_secs)
self.domains[domain] = datetime.now()
def download(url, headers, proxy, num_retries, data=None):
print 'Downloading:', url
request = urllib2.Request(url, data, headers)
opener = urllib2.build_opener()
if proxy:
proxy_params = {urlparse.urlparse(url).scheme: proxy}
opener.add_handler(urllib2.ProxyHandler(proxy_params))
try:
response = opener.open(request)
html = response.read()
code = response.code
except urllib2.URLError as e:
print 'Download error:', e.reason
html = ''
if hasattr(e, 'code'):
code = e.code
if num_retries > 0 and 500 <= code < 600:
# retry 5XX HTTP errors
return download(url, headers, proxy, num_retries-1, data)
else:
code = None
return html
def normalize(seed_url, link):
"""Normalize this URL by removing hash and adding domain
"""
link, _ = urlparse.urldefrag(link) # remove hash to avoid duplicates
return urlparse.urljoin(seed_url, link)
def same_domain(url1, url2):
"""Return True if both URL's belong to same domain
"""
return urlparse.urlparse(url1).netloc == urlparse.urlparse(url2).netloc
def get_robots(url):
"""Initialize robots parser for this domain
"""
rp = robotparser.RobotFileParser()
rp.set_url(urlparse.urljoin(url, '/robots.txt'))
rp.read()
return rp
def get_links(html):
"""Return a list of links from html
"""
##print(html)
# a regular expression to extract all links from the webpage
webpage_regex = re.compile('<a[^>]+href=["\'](.*?)["\']', re.IGNORECASE)
print(webpage_regex.findall(html))
# list of all links from the webpage
return webpage_regex.findall(html)
if __name__ == '__main__':
## link_crawler('http://example.webscraping.com', '/(index|view)', delay=0, num_retries=1, user_agent='BadCrawler')
##http://example.webscraping.com/places/default/view/Aland-Islands-2
res = link_crawler('http://example.webscraping.com', '/.*(index|view).*', delay=0, num_retries=1, max_depth=1, user_agent='GoodCrawler')
print(res)
基于正则表达式匹配内容
coding=utf-8
import re
import urllib2
import urlparse
def download(url, proxy=None, num_retries=1, data=None):
print 'Downloading:', url
request = urllib2.Request(url, data)
opener = urllib2.build_opener()
if proxy:
proxy_params = {urlparse.urlparse(url).scheme: proxy}
opener.add_handler(urllib2.ProxyHandler(proxy_params))
try:
response = opener.open(request)
html = response.read()
code = response.code
except urllib2.URLError as e:
print 'Download error:', e.reason
html = ''
if hasattr(e, 'code'):
code = e.code
if num_retries > 0 and 500 <= code < 600:
# retry 5XX HTTP errors
return download(url, proxy, num_retries-1, data)
else:
code = None
return html
url = 'http://example.webscraping.com/places/default/view/Aland-Islands-2'
html = download(url)
print(html)
res = re.findall('<td class="w2p_fw">(.*?)</td>', html)
print(res)
BeautifulSoup
#coding=utf-8
import urllib2
import urlparse
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from my.url.beautifulSoup import soup
def download(url, proxy=None, num_retries=1, data=None):
print 'Downloading:', url
request = urllib2.Request(url, data)
opener = urllib2.build_opener()
if proxy:
proxy_params = {urlparse.urlparse(url).scheme: proxy}
opener.add_handler(urllib2.ProxyHandler(proxy_params))
try:
response = opener.open(request)
html = response.read()
code = response.code
except urllib2.URLError as e:
print 'Download error:', e.reason
html = ''
if hasattr(e, 'code'):
code = e.code
if num_retries > 0 and 500 <= code < 600:
# retry 5XX HTTP errors
return download(url, proxy, num_retries-1, data)
else:
code = None
return html
url = 'http://example.webscraping.com/places/default/view/Aland-Islands-2'
html = download(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(html,'html.parser')
tr = soup.find(attrs={'id':'places_area__row'})
td = tr.find(attrs={'class':"w2p_fw"})
area = td.text
print(area)
