2019-03-01
APARTMENT
公寓
An apartment ( or flat) is a self-contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building. In an apartment building several units share a common entry and are accessed through common semipublic spaces. Apartments are extremely efficient, as a large number of households consume a relatively small land area, and use less energy than they would in single-family, detached house.
公寓（或平层公寓）是一个独立的住房单元，仅占据建筑物的一部分。在公寓楼中，几个单元共用一个入口，通过公共的或半公共的空间进入。公寓是非常高效的，因为大量的家庭消耗相对较小的土地面积，使用的能源也比单户、独立式住宅要少。
Apartments may be owned by the occupant or rented by tenants. There are two types of ownership: co-op and condominium. In a co-op, residents own shares of a corporation that owns the building or development. In a condominium, residents own their apartments and share ownership of the public spaces.
公寓可由居住者拥有或由租户租用。有两种类型的所有权模式:合作公寓和共管公寓。在合作社中，居民拥有公司的股份，这家公司拥有建筑物或开发项目。在共管公寓中，居民拥有自己的公寓，并分享公共空间的所有权。
Apartments can be classified into several types. The smallest units are studio, efficiency, and bachelor-style apartments, which usually consist of a large room that serves as the living, dining, and sleeping room combined. The kitchen may be part of this central room or a separate space similar to the bathroom. One-bed-room apartments consist of a discrete bedroom within the residential unit; similarly, larger apartments are denoted by the number of bedrooms in the unit: two-bedroom apartment, three-bedroom apartment, etc.
公寓可以分为几种类型。最小的单元是工作室，高效的单身公寓，通常包括一个大房间，作为客厅，餐厅和卧室的组合。厨房可能是中央房间的一部分，也可能是类似浴室的独立空间。一居室公寓由住宅单元内的一个独立卧室组成；同样，较大的公寓也是由单元内的卧室数量来表示：例如两居室公寓、三居室公寓等。
In cities where apartment living is the norm, residential units may have more than one entry: a primary entrance for the residents, and a secondary entrance for service, deliveries, and domestic help. Additionally, a secondary entrance may be provided for access from a below-grade parking lot or parking located at the rear of the building.
在以公寓生活为标准的城市，居住单元可能有多个入口：一个是居民的主要入口，一个是服务、送货和家庭辅助的次入口。此外，还可提供一个二级入口，供从地下停车场或位于建筑物后部的停车场进入。
The critical aspect in the plan configuration of an apartment building is access to natural light and ventilation. The illustrations on the right diagram the variations of light and ventilation possible for an apartment unit. Access to light and ventilation from multiple sides increases the possibility for cross-ventilation as well as passively lighting the apartment interior. Because vertical attachment requires one to live in close proximity to one's neighbors, providing appropriate levels of privacy and amenity is paramount to ensure a high quality environment for all residents.
公寓建筑平面布局的关键方面是自然采光和通风。右图显示了公寓单元可能的光线和通风变化。从多角度获得采光和通风增加了公寓内部交叉通风以及被动照明的可能性。因为垂直连接要求一个人住在离邻居很近的地方，所以为所有居民提供适当的隐私和舒适是确保高质量环境的重中之重。
In developing nations, regulatory codes require that all habitable rooms have access to natural light and ventilation, whereas in affluent countries the regulations permit service spaces such as the kitchen and bathroom to be mechanically vented.
在发展中国家，法规要求所有可居住房间都能获得自然采光和通风；而在富裕国家，法规允许厨房和浴室等服务空间采用机械通风。
