Cucumber自动化测试入门教程——HelloCucumber

本文是作者学习笔记，每一步均有截图，想要学习Cucumber自动化测试的同学可以试着一步一步来操作。

一、创建Project——HelloCucumber

在终端中输入以下命令：

mvn archetype:generate                      \
   "-DarchetypeGroupId=io.cucumber"           \
   "-DarchetypeArtifactId=cucumber-archetype" \
   "-DarchetypeVersion=5.6.0"               \
   "-DgroupId=hellocucumber"                  \
   "-DartifactId=hellocucumber"               \
   "-Dpackage=hellocucumber"                  \
   "-Dversion=1.0.0-SNAPSHOT"                 \
   "-DinteractiveMode=false"

也可使用https://www.jianshu.com/p/60122d38a08a中所述：

mvn archetype:generate                      \
   -DarchetypeGroupId=io.cucumber           \
   -DarchetypeArtifactId=cucumber-archetype \
   -DarchetypeVersion=2.3.1.2               \
   -DgroupId=hellocucumber                  \
   -DartifactId=hellocucumber               \
   -Dpackage=hellocucumber                  \
   -Dversion=1.0.0-SNAPSHOT                 \
   -DinteractiveMode=false

然后系统开始自动生成一个包名为hellocucumber的project

[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO] 
[INFO] ------------------< org.apache.maven:standalone-pom >-------------------
[INFO] Building Maven Stub Project (No POM) 1
[INFO] --------------------------------[ pom ]---------------------------------
[INFO] 
[INFO] >>> maven-archetype-plugin:3.1.2:generate (default-cli) > generate-sources @ standalone-pom >>>
[INFO] 
[INFO] <<< maven-archetype-plugin:3.1.2:generate (default-cli) < generate-sources @ standalone-pom <<<
[INFO] 
[INFO] 
[INFO] --- maven-archetype-plugin:3.1.2:generate (default-cli) @ standalone-pom ---
[INFO] Generating project in Batch mode

等一段时间后，可以看到以下输出：

[INFO] Archetype repository not defined. Using the one from [io.cucumber:cucumber-archetype:6.0.0-RC2] found in catalog remote
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/io/cucumber/cucumber-archetype/2.3.1.2/cucumber-archetype-2.3.1.2.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/io/cucumber/cucumber-archetype/2.3.1.2/cucumber-archetype-2.3.1.2.pom (13 kB at 18 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/io/cucumber/cucumber-archetype/2.3.1.2/cucumber-archetype-2.3.1.2.jar
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/io/cucumber/cucumber-archetype/2.3.1.2/cucumber-archetype-2.3.1.2.jar (2.0 kB at 2.7 kB/s)
[INFO] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Using following parameters for creating project from Archetype: cucumber-archetype:2.3.1.2
[INFO] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Parameter: groupId, Value: hellocucumber
[INFO] Parameter: artifactId, Value: hellocucumber
[INFO] Parameter: version, Value: 1.0.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] Parameter: package, Value: hellocucumber
[INFO] Parameter: packageInPathFormat, Value: hellocucumber
[INFO] Parameter: package, Value: hellocucumber
[INFO] Parameter: version, Value: 1.0.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] Parameter: groupId, Value: hellocucumber
[INFO] Parameter: artifactId, Value: hellocucumber
[INFO] Project created from Archetype in dir: /Users/feng.li1/hellocucumber
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time:  01:41 min
[INFO] Finished at: 2020-05-19T12:03:01+08:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

此刻，project就创建好了，我们可以ls看一下：


二、使用IDEA打开Project并运行

然后使用IDE打开我们建好的这个project，我使用的是IDEA

在下面terminal中使用命令：

mvn test

可以看到开始下载依赖，然后执行测试，最后出现BUILD SUCCESS

-------------------------------------------------------
 T E S T S
-------------------------------------------------------
Running hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest
No features found at [classpath:hellocucumber]
0 Scenarios
0 Steps
0m0.001s
Tests run: 0, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.163 sec
Results :
Tests run: 0, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time:  5.090 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2020-05-19T12:19:50+08:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

查看project目录可以知道，当前这个project没有任何代码或测试，所以执行测试的结果是

Tests run: 0, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0

三、添加一个Scenario

首先我们需要添加一个.feature文件，即一个测试场景描述。
在src/test/resources/hellocucumber上右键单击，选择newfile：



然后输入is_it_friday_yet.feature，新建文件，在文件中输入以下内容：

Feature: Is it Friday yet?
  Everybody wants to know when it's Friday

  Scenario: Sunday isn't Friday
    Given today is Sunday
    When I ask whether it's Friday yet
    Then I should be told "Nope"

以上内容中，Feature后面的是这个feature的名称，下面第二行是解释说明。Scenario后面是这个任务场景的名称，下面使用Given-When-Then这种BDD的方式，说明执行这个任务的前置条件和结果断言，Cucumber将执行这三段操作。
目前我们添加了scenario，还需要为这个scenario添加执行代码。

四：添加测试代码

然后我们现在加入测试代码
在test/java/helloCucumber目录下的Stepdefs文件中加入如下代码：

class IsItFriday {
    static String isItFriday(String today) {
        return null;
    }
}
public class Stepdefs {
    public String today;
    public String actualAnswer;
    @Given("^today is Sunday$")
    public void today_is_Sunday() throws Exception {
        today="Sunday";
    }

    @When("^I ask whether it's Friday yet$")
    public void i_ask_whether_it_s_Friday_yet() throws Exception {
        actualAnswer = IsItFriday.isItFriday(today);
    }

    @Then("^I should be told \"([^\"]*)\"$")
    public void i_should_be_told(String expectedAnswer) throws Exception {
        assertEquals(expectedAnswer, actualAnswer);
    }
}

以上代码是将today设置为Sunday，然后执行询问today是Friday，前文在feature中我们设置的正确答案是Nope，但此刻我们将答案设置成了null
所以此刻我们run一遍测试，得到的结果应该是不通过。我们再跑一遍mvn test
结果如下：

Running hellocucumber.RunCucumberTest
Feature: Is it Friday yet?
Everybody wants to know when it's Friday

Scenario: Sunday isn't Friday        # hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature:4
    Given today is Sunday              # Stepdefs.today_is_Sunday()
    When I ask whether it's Friday yet # Stepdefs.i_ask_whether_it_s_Friday_yet()
    Then I should be told "Nope"       # Stepdefs.i_should_be_told(String)
java.lang.AssertionError: expected:<Nope> but was:<null>

Results :
Failed tests:   Sunday isn't Friday(Is it Friday yet?): expected:<Nope> but was:<null>
Tests run: 1, Failures: 1, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0

可以看到，运行结果很清晰地提示我们，我们想要的结果是Nope，但是实际结果是null，所以测试不通过。

然后我们将Stepdefs文件中的IsItFriday这个class中，return null改为return “Nope”

class IsItFriday {
    static String isItFriday(String today) {
        return "Nope";
    }
}

然后重新运行mvn test，可以看到，此刻结果为通过，

1 Scenarios (1 passed)
3 Steps (3 passed)
0m0.081s
Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.26 sec
Results :
Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time:  1.557 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2020-05-19T14:47:50+08:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

至此，我们的第一个scenario成功创建并运行。

五、添加scenario

在上面的feature文件中，再添加一个scenario

Scenario: Friday is Friday
   Given today is Friday
   When I ask whether it's Friday yet
   Then I should be told "TGIF"

然后在Stepdefs中再添加一个Given：

@Given("^today is Friday$")
    public void today_is_Friday() {
        this.today = "Friday";
    }

此时运行mvn test，得到的结果是：

Failed scenarios:
hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature:9 # Friday is Friday
2 Scenarios (1 failed, 1 passed)
6 Steps (1 failed, 5 passed)
0m0.152s

Results :
Failed tests:   Friday is Friday(Is it Friday yet?): expected:<[TGIF]> but was:<[Nope]>
Tests run: 2, Failures: 1, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0

可以看到Cucumber一共run了2个scenario，有一个失败了；其中一共run了6个步骤，有一个失败了，失败的是第二个scenario的最后一个步骤：Friday is Friday，期望值是TGIF，但是实际值是Nope。

我们将IsItFriday这个类改一下，改为：

class IsItFriday {
    static String isItFriday(String today) {
        if (today.equals("Friday")) {
            return "TGIF";
        }
        return "Nope";
    }
}

然后再run一遍mvn test，可以看到此时结果为SUCCESS

Results :
Tests run: 2, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0

六、添加多个测试数据

用过其他自动化测试的同学应该知道，我们可以使用变量定义多个不同的测试数据，然后同一个scenario会使用每一个测试数据来跑一遍测试。

首先，我们将feature文件里的scenario改为scenario outline，然后改一些相应的描述：

Feature: Is it Friday yet?
  Everybody wants to know when it's Friday

  Scenario Outline: Today is or is not Friday
    Given today is "<day>"
    When I ask whether it's Friday yet
    Then I should be told "<answer>"

    Examples:
      | day | answer |
      | Friday | TGIF |
      | Sunday | Nope |
      | anything else! | Nope |

然后我们将Stepdefs这个类中Given-When-Then改一下，改为：

    @Given("^today is \"([^\"]*)\"$")
    public void today_is_Someday(String today) throws Exception {
        this.today=today;
    }

    @When("^I ask whether it's Friday yet$")
    public void i_ask_whether_it_s_Friday_yet() throws Exception {
        actualAnswer = IsItFriday.isItFriday(today);
    }

    @Then("^I should be told \"([^\"]*)\"$")
    public void i_should_be_told(String expectedAnswer) throws Exception {
        assertEquals(expectedAnswer, actualAnswer);
    }

然后运行mvn test，我们可以看到，一共执行了3次scenario，每一次用的数据对应feature中example的每一条数据，并且都通过了：

 Examples: 

  Scenario Outline: Today is or is not Friday # hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature:11
    Given today is "Friday"                   # Stepdefs.today_is_Someday(String)
    When I ask whether it's Friday yet        # Stepdefs.i_ask_whether_it_s_Friday_yet()
    Then I should be told "TGIF"              # Stepdefs.i_should_be_told(String)

  Scenario Outline: Today is or is not Friday # hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature:12
    Given today is "Sunday"                   # Stepdefs.today_is_Someday(String)
    When I ask whether it's Friday yet        # Stepdefs.i_ask_whether_it_s_Friday_yet()
    Then I should be told "Nope"              # Stepdefs.i_should_be_told(String)

  Scenario Outline: Today is or is not Friday # hellocucumber/is_it_friday_yet.feature:13
    Given today is "anything else!"           # Stepdefs.today_is_Someday(String)
    When I ask whether it's Friday yet        # Stepdefs.i_ask_whether_it_s_Friday_yet()
    Then I should be told "Nope"              # Stepdefs.i_should_be_told(String)


3 Scenarios (3 passed)
9 Steps (9 passed)
0m0.080s
Tests run: 3, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.26 sec

Results :
Tests run: 3, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0

[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time:  1.456 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2020-05-19T16:45:18+08:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

注：本文内容参考官方原版英文教程：https://cucumber.io/docs/guides/10-minute-tutorial/#create-an-empty-cucumber-project

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