Day 1: Vocabulary and Phrases
1.perpetual: adj. to describe something that never ends or changes.
1）a perpetual procrastinator: a person who delays or puts things off that should be done in a timely manner.
2）a perpetual struggle to do
2. go back
1）discover how the Universe works that goes back to the earlist civilizations
2）David and I go back twenty years. 相识多年
3. 推翻理论：
1）disprove the previous ideas
2）falsify: misrepresent the truth, distorts the meaning
If you retell the story but change important facts, you falsify the story.
If you lie in court, you falsify the evidences.
If you change a written record, you falsify a message or document.
3）bring an entire theory crashing down
4）overturn
5）quash earlier theories
1. take action to stop sth from continuing
hopes are quashed, quash any attempt of doing, quash a revolution
2. declare invalid: His conviction was later quashed by the Court
6）discredit the old theories
v. discredit sb or sth means to cause them to lose respect or trust
n. damage to sb’s reputation, loss of respect
1. Your opponent tries to discredit(v.)you by making up lies about you. But this would be to the discredit(n.) of your opponent — his or her own reputation would suffer for this bad behavior.
2. If you say that schooling is important to you, but you never study, your actions discredit(v.) you and your words.
3. Your actions will bring discredit(n.) to your name
7）shake classical physics
4. Simple and clear usages
对于遣词造句的琢磨：
1）form a theory to explain what is going on, and then carry out an experiment to see whether the theory works.
2）That prediction rested on decades of theoretical work, going back to..., which depended on the discovery of..., which in turn（反过来）depended on the discovery of.... Those could not have been found （对过去的假设） without ....-- and so the chain goes back through decades and centuries（一句话总结）.
3）This marked the birth of chemistry as（作为）a science,as（在这个意义上）distinct from the mystical alchemy.
4）With the dinosaurs came ideas of evolution： come with一起出现
关于时间的表达：
1）A decade means ten years, a century means a hundred, and a millennium means a thousand
2）The year 1543 saw the publication of two ground-breaking books
3）At the turn of the 20th century: the time when a new century/year starts
动词词组的使用：
1）opened up new fields of science, into which marched Danish physicist...
2）His laws of motion and principle of universal gravity form the basis for classical physics.
3）develop the basis of
4）lay out the periodic table of the elements
5）carry out/perform experiments
6）the remains of extinct creatures began to turn up
7）the idea of … began to take root
其他：
1）the works of the ancients
2）a string of books
3）learn 学会成熟的理论 v.s.learn of 了解，知道：learn of the "Arabic" numerals
4）write widely on scientific subjects
5. 倍数表达法: If one subject had twice the weight of another, it would fall twice as fast.
1）A is twice/four times heavier than B
2）A is twice as heavy as B
3）A is twice the weight of B.
6. empirical evidence/ knowledge: it's based on experiment, or comes from experience
7. pick holes in the argument: find the weak points in something
8. in orbit around the sun: a curved path followed by a planet
9. Experiments may test a theory, or be purely speculative.
1）is based on guesses rather than fact or investigation:
speculative knowledge/ story/ biography
2）in the hope of making a profit but with a high risk
a speculative investment/ bond（债券）/ venture（风险项目）
3）showing curiosity: raise a speculative eyebrow
10. Alpha particles scattering experiment
扩展阅读：Rutherfold watched his students fire(shoot) alpha particles at a thin foil of gold. In the experiment, about 99% of the alpha particles passed straight through the foil. Some of the alpha particles were deflected through small angles. With the detector placed beside the source, Rutherfold and his students were astonished to find that a very small amount of the alpha particles bounced back off the thin foil. The results of the experiment show that most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus which is relatively small.
deflect
1）v. make something change a direction, usually by hitting or blocking it.
Hockey goalies（=goalkeeper守门员）deflect the flying puck( used as a ball in ice hockey) with their sticks or blockers.
2）转变的延伸意义：转移
deflect sb’s attention， deflect criticism by blaming her family
3）prevent sb from doing sth that they are determined to do
Never let a little problem deflect you.
artillery shell
1）artillery: large-caliber guns which can be transportable for land battles, or the army unit using these big guns.
2）ammunition: projectiles to be fired from a gun
<metaphor>: ammunition for your argument
3）projectile: a weapon (the bullet in a gun) that is propelled by something else
A rocket, which is self-propelled, is also called a projectile.
4）shell: a metal case filled with explosive, to be fired from a large gun
11. all the more: to an even greater degree
1）可以当作副词短语用在形容词前
An experiment is all the more compelling (convincing) if …
The very compactness of the cottage made it all the more snug and appealing.
2）可以当作副词短语用在动词前后
We admired him all the more for his frankness.
Her question seemed to inflame him all the more.
3）因为more也可以作形容词用，所以也可以用在名词前
If the companies turn out to have been slow to act, governments will have all the more incentive to take matters into their own hands.
12. compelling: means attractive, or irresistible,or really, really convincing
1）<帮助记忆：compels you to agree with it > convincing, persuasive:
compelling reasons/evidence/argument
2）<帮助记忆：compels you to like it> attractive, appealing:
compelling film
13. Discoveries may be made simultaneously by scientists working independently, but almost every advance depends in some measure on previous work and theories.
simultaneous
1）<帮助记忆：词根simul: at the same time>: simultaneous interpreting/ attacks
2）The teachers all assigned simultaneous projects to the students that week. The kids were grumbling(complain) and sleep-deprived due to the grind(boring, tedious work: the daily grind).
3）adv.simultaneously
You are reading this sentence and simultaneously learning a new word!
in some measure：to some degree
14. outlook
1） the probable future for sb/sth:
the outlook for jobs, the country’s economic outlook
2）an attitude that determines how you will interpret and respond to situations
have a practical/ pessimistic outlook on life
A philosopher with a scientific outlook
15. crater: a bowl-shaped depression (lower surface) left behind by an explosion or impact: volcanic crater
16. make sense of v. understand sth that is complicated
make sense of the movements of the heavenly bodies
17. supernova: the super explosion of a star.
A supernova happens when a star becomes bright, bursts, and its matter is scattered in all directions, with light and radiation shooting out.
18. ingenious: something ingenious shows creativity and inventiveness
ingenious solution to the problem, ingenious device
19. Alchemy flourished, and techniques such as distillation appeared.
Alchemy: In medieval times alchemy meant the mysterious science of trying to convert one form of matter into another using fire, potions, spells, and all kind of other tricks. 炼金术
distill: v. make a liquid pure by heating it untilit becomes a gas, then cooling it and collecting the drops of liquid that form.
1）Water is distilled to make it cleaner.
2）Crude oil is distilled so that it can be used for various commercial purposes.
20. monopoly: the exclusive ownership or control of something
The monopoly of the Church over scientific truth began to weaken。
21. anatomy
1）the scientific study of the structure of human or animal bodies
If you're studying anatomy you're studying animals’ bodies and you're probably dissecting (dissections of human corpses) them, too.
2）the body of a human being
You might study the anatomy of a pig to see how it relates to human anatomy.
3）a detailed analysis
If you're writing an anatomy of your piano, you'll describe the parts and how they work.
22. exquisite:
exquisite (beautiful) craftsmanship/illustration
exquisite(intense) pain/pleasure
has exquisite (delicateand sensitive) taste
23. paleontology: <‘paleo’means ‘old’>
the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related remains 古生物学
24. fold-out illustration: an oversize page that is folded in to a book or magazine
25. combust:
v. start to burn, start to burn sth: combust coal, self-combust
combustible: adj. able to burn easily: combustible gases
引申义：has a combustible temper
combustion:n. the act of burning: the combustion of fallen leaves
26. Soon a host of new gases and their properties were being investigated.
a host of= lots of
property: the qualities that a thing has.
property values mean how much the land is worth
27. meteorologist: a specialist who studies processes in the earth's atmosphere that cause weather conditions气象学家
28. contemporary:
1）adj. occurring in the same period of time
He is contemporary (adj.) with the dramatist xxx.
2）n. people and things from the same time period
Danish physicist xxx and British contemporary (n.) xxx
3）adj. now or recently: contemporary music/ furniture
29. leapfrog:
1）v.progress by large jumps instead of small increments
all four American systems have leapfrogged over the European versions
leapfrog three teams to gain second place
2）n.advancing as if in the child's game, by leaping over obstacles or competitors
The company still believes the chip is a leapfrog in integration and will pay huge dividends (shares of the profit the company pays to shareholders.)
30. collide v.
1）crash together: particle collider (n.)
2）ideas that clash:
expectations that collide with reality, radical views that collide with tradition
31. harbor v.
1）maintain a belief or a feeling: harbor a resentment
2）planets in orbit around distant stars, some of which may even harbour life.
32. 关于基因
chromosome: A chromosome is a strand of DNA that is encoded with genes. In most cells, humans have 22 pairs of these chromosomes plus the two sex chromosomes (XX in females and XY in males) for a total of 46.
genome: all the genetic material contained in your 23 pairs of chromosomes
inheritance:
1）Any money or property you receive after the death of a friend or relative
2）A title that passes with death
3）A trait that is passed from parent to child genetically
The inheritance of red hair
33. daunt
v. to frighten or scare off <帮助记忆：同义词 haunt, in a creepier sense >
a dauntless/ undaunted person: someone who isn't easily frightened or intimidated
daunting：something daunting can scare you off: a daunting task/prospect
34. relentless: not stopping, persistent
a relentless student, relentless search for the truth, the relentless enemy
Day 2: 思维导图
Day 3: 感悟
三点感悟：
1. What is Science?
The essence of science is a perpetual struggle to search for truth, and carrying out experiments instead of mere observing and reasoning plays an important role in this process. When you finally get the predicted results after undertaking a series of experiments, you still cannot guarantee the correctness of the theory, and all you get is just called supporting evidence. Science can never prove that a theory is correct-- it can only disprove things and replace those with new theories, whose correctness still need further to explore. 我想这就叫做科学的严谨性
2. 对于词语的总结可以更有条理性：
如上文第一部分，将表示推翻理论的词和词组进行了总结，包括：disprove, overturn, quash, bring ... crashing down, falsify, shake, discredit, 在总结中加深理解
3. 对于遣词造句的学习
That prediction rested on（关于基础的词组还有：form the basis for, develop the basis of, lay a foundation, depend on思维发散） decades of theoretical work, going back to..., which depended on the discovery of..., which in turn（反过来，使用巧妙）depended on the discovery of....Those could not have been found （对过去的假设） without....--and so the chain goes back through decades and centuries（一句话总结：一个长的逻辑推导之后，总有一句到位的总结，让读者不至于不知所云）.
