很多的家长头疼于孩子的网络成瘾，游戏成瘾；很多的妻子头疼于丈夫的酗酒；很多的家庭无奈于有亲人吸毒...... 关于成瘾的基本状况的文章来了。本文是转自美国 Psychology Today，仅供学习。
Signs and Symptoms of Addiction
成瘾者的表现和症状
Whether the substance involved is crack cocaine or alcohol or a behavior such as gambling, the common denominator of all addictions is continued use despite the development of negative consequences—whether to self, relationships, finances, school or work performance—and the inability to control use. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which shuns the term addiction (but nevertheless, confusingly refers to addictive disorders), instead prefers the term substance use disorder, and categorizes 10 distinct such conditions depending on type of drug involved—for example, Alcohol Use Disorder; Stimulant Use Disorder, including use of cocaine; Opioid Use Disorder, including heroin. The DSM notes that all 10 “produce such an intense activation of the reward system that normal activities may be neglected.”
成瘾的共同点就人们无力控制自己吸食可卡因，酗酒，或者是其他类似于赌博的行为。无论这种行为的后果伤害的是他们自己，自己和他人的关系，经济状况还是学业或就业表现。精神疾病诊断和统计手册（DSM-5）避免了成瘾这个词（就算如此，还是会很容易把成瘾性疾病和成瘾混淆）。其中，分类10把包括酒精成瘾，可卡因等兴奋剂上瘾，海洛因等镇痛剂成瘾等毒品成瘾区分开来了，而不是简单地用物质滥用来表达。DSM指明，所有这10种会使人体奖励系统产生强烈刺激的活动使得人会忽略其他正常的活动。
How each type of drug acts in the body is different, but the behavioral symptoms, including those associated with gambling, all overlap. Another common feature is the persistence of changes in brain circuitry beyond any detoxification period; studies show that it can take months or more after stopping use for the brain to rewire itself to respond to normal rewards.
不同类型的毒品在人体里所起的作用是不一样的。但是包括跟赌博等有关联的行为症状都是相同的。另外一个共同特征就是过了停止酗食毒品之后脑电路的持续改变。研究表明，在停止上瘾行为之后，大脑可能需要几个月或者更长的时间来重新回归正常的反应系统。
Signs of Addiction上瘾的表现
Substance use is not, by itself, a disorder. According to DSM-5, widely used as a roadmap to diagnosis, it becomes a disorder when use eludes control and interferes with functioning. Substance use disorder is marked by a pattern of pathological behaviors related to use of the substance.
物质使用本身并不是一个毛病。根据DSM-5，被广泛使用的一个诊断方法就是：当物质使用不受控制并且已经影响到人体功能时，我们诊断它为一个疾病。物质滥用是一种由于物质使用而引起的一种病理行为。
What are common behavioral signs of addiction?
Substance use disorder is marked by a pattern of pathological behaviors related to use of the substance. As listed in the DSM, they include:
成瘾的普遍行为特征是什么？
物质滥用是指关于物质使用的一种病态行为。DSM里列出来的包括：
• Being unable to stop taking a substance, even when wanting to cut down or regulate use or having tried several times
就算想要或者已经多次试着少用或限制使用某种物质也已经无法停止。
• Worrying about the next dose or getting a consistent supply of the substance
担心下次是否还能再次得到该物质或者说该物质是否能得到持续供应。
• Experiencing intense cravings at any time, but especially in places where the drug was once obtained or used
一直强烈渴望某种东西，特别是在曾经获得或者使用了毒品的地方。
• Devoting considerable time to getting, taking, or recovering from drug
投入大量的时间来获得，谈论毒品或者从毒品中缓过神来。
• Neglecting roles and responsibilities such as work, school or home obligations
忽视自己的社会角色，工作学习责任和家庭义务。
• Experiencing interpersonal problems as a result of substance use
因为物质滥用而影响到了人际关系。
• Changing social patterns, withdrawing from family, friends and activities in order to use a substance
社交模式的改变，为此而远离家人，朋友和一些社会活动。
• Facing risky situations to become intoxicated or maintain a supply of drug
面临酗食或持续使用毒品的威险境地。
• Using a substance despite knowing it causes physical or psychological harm to oneself
就算知晓会引起自己身体或心理的伤害还是在使用某物。
• Developing tolerance, requiring more drug to get an effect; a common but not invariable feature of addiction, sometimes called adaptation
培养耐受性，有时候也叫做适应性，是指需要更多剂量才能达到效果。这是成瘾的一个普遍但并非不可变的特点。
• Developing the unpleasant physiologic symptoms of withdrawal—shakiness, sweating, queasiness or vomiting, headache—when unable to take the substance. Withdrawal is a highly variable sign of addiction; it occurs with use of some drugs (alcohol, for example) but not others (cocaine); however, it often drives continuing use. Withdrawal can require medical treatment when a person abruptly stops heavy substance use.
当没法获取该物质时，会表现有戒掉该物的不愉快的生理症状：颤抖，出汗，恶心或呕吐。戒断是成瘾的一个高可变性标志。它经常发生在使用某一种（比如说，酒精）而不是其他物质（比如说可卡因）时。然而，戒断会更加促进对某物的继续使用。当一个人突然停止经常使用的物品时，是需要辅助于药物治疗的。
Along with the diagnostic signposts of addiction, those addicted typically display a number of other behavioral characteristics:
在这些症状下成瘾者会表现出以下一些典型的行为特征：
• Secretiveness about activities and relationships as well as private space, to conceal drug use
日常活动和社会关系跟私人空间一样隐秘，以隐瞒吸毒。
• Sudden changes in activity patterns, refusing participation in activities once enjoyed
生活模式会有突然的改变。会拒绝参加曾经喜爱的活动。
• Lying about whereabouts, absences, consumption habits; making excuses for unusual behavior
对自身的下落，活动缺席情况，消费习惯等撒谎，会给一些不寻常的行为找借口。
• Loss of energy or motivation
缺乏精力或动力。
• Neglect of appearance
忽视外表。
• Stealing to support drug purchases.
偷窃以便购买毒品。
What are the psychological signs of addiction?
成瘾的心理迹象有哪些？
A cardinal sign of addiction is not being unable to control consumption of alcohol/drug—even when wanting to. In addition, addiction is typically marked by urges or craving—wanting a substance so badly it becomes difficult to think about anything else.
成瘾的主要标准是就算他们想控制也无法控制吸食酒精或毒品。另外，成瘾者通常是以冲动和强烈渴望为标志的。他们如此渴望得到，以至于很难让他们想到除此以外的其他事情。
Intoxication has its own distinctive psychological manifestations—from belligerence and mood lability to impaired judgement and “absent presence.” They result from the effects of the substance on the central nervous system. Those who are high also display perceptual disturbances, problems with attention, disrupted thinking patterns and easy confusion, as well as difficulties relating to others.
沉醉其中有它独特的心理学表现形式。从好斗和情绪不稳定到判断力的损害，无法感知当下。这些都是由于被酗食物质对中枢神经系统的影响造成的。高度酗食者还表现为知觉障碍，注意力方面的问题，思维模式被打乱，容易混淆事物。以及与他人交往困难。
In the grand scheme of things, addiction is considered an attempt—a nonproductive attempt—to solve a problem; it offers relief from shyness, relationship difficulties, shortage of opportunities, losses and failures of any kind, and much more. From that perspective, it is a sign of inability to cope with a stressor; behind the psychology of addiction is a sense of powerlessness, and it always a sign that better stress-management skills are needed.
在一项宏伟的计划中，成瘾者被认为是一个试着解决问题却最终什么问题也解决不了的尝试者。他们会宽慰自己说失败是因为自己害羞，与他人关系困难，缺少机会，其他任何种类的失败或缺失，或者更多。从这点看来，这是藏在成瘾者无力感背后的心理因素，也是需要更好的压力管理技能的标志—无力应对压力。
