JNI 学习笔记
1.概述
Java Native Interface(JNI) 是JDK提供的一个native编程接口。JNI 允许Java程序调用其他语言编写的程序或者代码库, 比如C/C++。Java 在内存管理和性能上有一定的局限,通过JNI我们就可以利用Native程序来克服这些限制。
2.一个简单的demo
通过一个简单的Demo我们来看一下Native 与 Java 的互相调用。
Java :HelloJNI.java
public class HelloJNI {
static {
System.loadLibrary("hello"); // Load native library at runtime
// hello.dll (Windows) or libhello.so (Unixes)
}
// Declare a native method sayHello() that receives nothing and returns void
private native void sayHello();
// Test Driver
public static void main(String[] args) {
new HelloJNI().sayHello(); // invoke the native method
}
}
执行 javac HelloJNI.java
编译java 文件
C:
创建头文件:HelloJNI.h, 可以通过javah 工具自动生成:
执行:>javah HelloJNI
这里HelloJNI指的是编译后的.class文件
/* DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE - it is machine generated */
#include <jni.h>
/* Header for class HelloJNI */
#ifndef _Included_HelloJNI
#define _Included_HelloJNI
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
/*
* Class: HelloJNI
* Method: sayHello
* Signature: ()V
*/
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_HelloJNI_sayHello(JNIEnv *, jobject);
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif
C 程序实现:
#include <jni.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "HelloJNI.h"
// Implementation of native method sayHello() of HelloJNI class
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_HelloJNI_sayHello(JNIEnv *env, jobject thisObj) {
printf("Hello World!\n");
return;
}
简单解析:
Java 调用Native , 需要:
- 通过
System.loadLibrary("hello")
方法加载native 模块"Hello"(该模块包含了syHello()方法)。 - 声明native 方法 :
private native void sayHello();
- 在main方法中调用
C/C++ 需要实现:
- 定义头文件, 可以通过javah自动生成:
javah HelloJNI
, 我们可以看到对应java中定义的sayHello()
方法, 在头文件中生成了JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_HelloJNI_sayHello(JNIEnv *, jobject);
方法。其格式可以概括为JNIEXPORT <返回类型> JNICALL Java_<包名>_<类名>_<方法名>(JNIEnv *, jobject,<参数>);
包名中的(.)用下划线(_)代替。 参数中JNIEnv *
是JNI环境, 提供了许多方法, 后面我们会提到。 jobject是调用的java对象。 - 在C/C++文件中实现具体方法
3.JNI 基础
3.1 JNI类型
JNI 定义了以下类型来对应Java中的类型:
a. 基本类型: jni -> java
- jint --> int
- jbyte --> byte
- jshort --> short
- jlong --> long
- jfloat --> float
- jdouble --> double
- jchar --> char
- jboolean --> boolean
b. 引用类型:
- jclass --> java.lang.Class
- jstring --> java.lang.String
- jthrowable --> java.lang.Throwable
- jarray --> Java数组
3.2参数传递
3.2.1. Java 基本类型传递
对于Java 的基本类型, 我们可以直接传递参数, 在原生系统中已经定义了jxxx
中的基本类型, 比如 jint, jbyte, jshort, jlong, jfloat, jdouble, jchar, jboolean
对应 Java中的 int, byte, short, long, float, double, char, boolean
在jni.h
和 win/jni_mh
定义了以上8种JNI环境下的基本类型, 除此之外还额外定义了jsize
// In "win\jni_mh.h" - machine header which is machine dependent
typedef long jint;
typedef __int64 jlong;
typedef signed char jbyte;
// In "jni.h"
typedef unsigned char jboolean;
typedef unsigned short jchar;
typedef short jshort;
typedef float jfloat;
typedef double jdouble;
typedef jint jsize;
需要注意的是, jint 对应的是long类型(至少是32位的),在C语言的基本类型中, int 可能是只有16位, 这样就无法对应Java中的int类型了。 所以为保险起见, JNI编程中建议在C/C++程序中使用jint代替int.
3.2.2. String 类型传递
JNI 中定义了 jstring 类型代替Java中的String 类型,String 类型的传递相比基本类型要复杂, 因为在Java中String 是个对象, 而在c中, string 是个 char类型数组。所以在传递String类型的时候, 在String(被jstring替换) 类型和 (char*)类型之间做转化。
JNI环境提供了一些转换方法, 可以通过JNIEnv*
参数调用这些转化方法:
- 从jstring 中获取c-string, 即char* :
const char* GetStringUTFChars(JNIEnv*, jstring, jboolean*)
- 从C-string(char*) 中获取jstring :
jstring NewStringUTF(JNIEnv*, char*)
JNI Native String Functions
JNI 支持unicode(16位)编码和utf-8(1-3个字节)编码的string 类型转换, utf-8 编码的string 和 C-string(char*)的行为类似, 在 C/C++程序中使用。
UTF-8 strings的转换方法
// UTF-8 String (encoded to 1-3 byte, backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII)
// Can be mapped to null-terminated char-array C-string
const char * GetStringUTFChars(JNIEnv *env, jstring string, jboolean *isCopy);
// Returns a pointer to an array of bytes representing the string in modified UTF-8 encoding.
void ReleaseStringUTFChars(JNIEnv *env, jstring string, const char *utf);
// Informs the VM that the native code no longer needs access to utf.
jstring NewStringUTF(JNIEnv *env, const char *bytes);
// Constructs a new java.lang.String object from an array of characters in modified UTF-8 encoding.
jsize GetStringUTFLength(JNIEnv *env, jstring string);
// Returns the length in bytes of the modified UTF-8 representation of a string.
void GetStringUTFRegion(JNIEnv *env, jstring str, jsize start, jsize length, char *buf);
// Translates len number of Unicode characters beginning at offset start into modified UTF-8 encoding
// and place the result in the given buffer buf.
-
GetStringUTFChars()
方法可以用于通过 jstring 创建一个 C-string (char*), 如果内存无法分配, 则返回NULL。
其中第三个参数isCopy
如果设为JNI_TRUE , 则返回结果是原始Java String 的拷贝, 如果设为JNI_FALSE, 则直接返回 Java String 的地址, 然而在这种情况下, 无法对string内容进行修改。JNI在运行时会试图返回指针, 如果可以的话,否则会返回一个拷贝。 通常情况下, 我们并不关心底层string 的内容呢, 所以通常都设为 NULL。
当你不需要使用该方法返回的结果时, 可以调用 ReleaseStringUTFChars()
来释放内存以及引用。
-
NewStringUTF()
方法则是通过c-string 创建一个 JNI String (jstring)
想要了解更多可以查看: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/jni/index.html.
Unicode String
// Unicode Strings (16-bit character)
const jchar * GetStringChars(JNIEnv *env, jstring string, jboolean *isCopy);
// Returns a pointer to the array of Unicode characters
void ReleaseStringChars(JNIEnv *env, jstring string, const jchar *chars);
// Informs the VM that the native code no longer needs access to chars.
jstring NewString(JNIEnv *env, const jchar *unicodeChars, jsize length);
// Constructs a new java.lang.String object from an array of Unicode characters.
jsize GetStringLength(JNIEnv *env, jstring string);
// Returns the length (the count of Unicode characters) of a Java string.
void GetStringRegion(JNIEnv *env, jstring str, jsize start, jsize length, jchar *buf);
// Copies len number of Unicode characters beginning at offset start to the given buffer buf
对与Unicode 编码的类型, 使用jchar* 代替 char* 存储字符。
3.2.3 基本类型的数组传递
在Java中, 数组是一个引用类型, 像一个类。 Java 数组有9种, 除了8种基本类型的数组外, 还有一类对象数组, 即java.lang.Object
类型的数组。 在JNI 中定义了 8种基本类型的数组对应Java 的8种基本类型数组,jintArray, jbyteArray, jshortArray, jlongArray, jfloatArray, jdoubleArray, jcharArray, jbooleanArray
, 和一种对象数组jobjectArray对应Java中的对象数组。
因此, 你需要在数组传递是处理JNI 数组和Native数组之间的转换, 比如 jintArray <-> jint[], jdoubleArray <-> jdouble[]
等。 JNI 环境已经提供了一些转换方法, 以jintArray为例:
- jintArray(JNI) --> (Native)jint[] :
jint* GetIntArrayElements(JNIEnv *env, jintArray a, jboolean *iscopy)
- jintArray(JNI) --> (Native)jint[] :
- jint[] --> jintArray : 调用
jintArray NewIntArray(JNIEnv *env, jsize len)
分配内存, 然后调用SetIntArrayRegion(JNIEnv *env, jintArray a, jsize start, jsize len, const jint *buf)
将jin[]
拷贝到jintArray
- jint[] --> jintArray : 调用
JNI 中有8组上述方法, 分别对应8中基本类型:
// ArrayType: jintArray, jbyteArray, jshortArray, jlongArray, jfloatArray, jdoubleArray, jcharArray, jbooleanArray
// PrimitiveType: int, byte, short, long, float, double, char, boolean
// NativeType: jint, jbyte, jshort, jlong, jfloat, jdouble, jchar, jboolean
NativeType * Get<PrimitiveType>ArrayElements(JNIEnv *env, ArrayType array, jboolean *isCopy);
void Release<PrimitiveType>ArrayElements(JNIEnv *env, ArrayType array, NativeType *elems, jint mode);
void Get<PrimitiveType>ArrayRegion(JNIEnv *env, ArrayType array, jsize start, jsize length, NativeType *buffer);
void Set<PrimitiveType>ArrayRegion(JNIEnv *env, ArrayType array, jsize start, jsize length, const NativeType *buffer);
ArrayType New<PrimitiveType>Array(JNIEnv *env, jsize length);
void * GetPrimitiveArrayCritical(JNIEnv *env, jarray array, jboolean *isCopy);
void ReleasePrimitiveArrayCritical(JNIEnv *env, jarray array, void *carray, jint mode);
-
GET|Release<PrimitiveType>ArrayElements()
用于根据jxxxArray创建 jxxx[] -
GET|Set<PrimitiveType>ArrayRegion()
可以用于拷贝一个jxxxArray(或者其中一部分)到一个 预分配(pre-allocated)存储的 jxxx[] -
New<PrimitiveType>Array()
用于为jxxxArray分配内存, 然后调用Set<PrimitiveType>ArrayRegion()
方法 将jxxx[] 设值。 -
Get|ReleasePrimitiveArrayCritical()
则是在get 和 release周期之间, 不允许阻塞调用(blocking calls)。
Example:
java:
public class TestJNIPrimitiveArray {
static {
System.loadLibrary("myjni"); // myjni.dll (Windows) or libmyjni.so (Unixes)
}
// Declare a native method sumAndAverage() that receives an int[] and
// return a double[2] array with [0] as sum and [1] as average
private native double[] sumAndAverage(int[] numbers);
// Test Driver
public static void main(String args[]) {
int[] numbers = {22, 33, 33};
double[] results = new TestJNIPrimitiveArray().sumAndAverage(numbers);
System.out.println("In Java, the sum is " + results[0]);
System.out.println("In Java, the average is " + results[1]);
}
}
c:
#include <jni.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "TestJNIPrimitiveArray.h"
JNIEXPORT jdoubleArray JNICALL Java_TestJNIPrimitiveArray_sumAndAverage
(JNIEnv *env, jobject thisObj, jintArray inJNIArray) {
// Step 1: Convert the incoming JNI jintarray to C's jint[]
jint *inCArray = (*env)->GetIntArrayElements(env, inJNIArray, NULL);
if (NULL == inCArray) return NULL;
jsize length = (*env)->GetArrayLength(env, inJNIArray);
// Step 2: Perform its intended operations
jint sum = 0;
int i;
for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
sum += inCArray[i];
}
jdouble average = (jdouble)sum / length;
(*env)->ReleaseIntArrayElements(env, inJNIArray, inCArray, 0); // release resources
jdouble outCArray[] = {sum, average};
// Step 3: Convert the C's Native jdouble[] to JNI jdoublearray, and return
jdoubleArray outJNIArray = (*env)->NewDoubleArray(env, 2); // allocate
if (NULL == outJNIArray) return NULL;
(*env)->SetDoubleArrayRegion(env, outJNIArray, 0 , 2, outCArray); // copy
return outJNIArray;
}
Native程序的处理可以概括为3个步骤:
- Step1: 将传入的jxxxArray 转换成 Native 的jxxx[]
- Step2: 对jxxx[]进行必要处理, 实现期望的功能
- Step3:将Native结果 转换成 jxxxArray返回
4. 访问Java对象中的成员和回调方法
4.1 访问对象中的成员变量
JNI 环境提供了一些访问成员变量的方法如下:
jclass GetObjectClass(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj);
// Returns the class of an object.
jfieldID GetFieldID(JNIEnv *env, jclass cls, const char *name, const char *sig);
// Returns the field ID for an instance variable of a class.
NativeType Get<type>Field(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jfieldID fieldID);
void Set<type>Field(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jfieldID fieldID, NativeType value);
// Get/Set the value of an instance variable of an object
// <type> includes each of the eight primitive types plus Object.
通过以上方法,我们就可以实现在Native代码中访问Java对象的成员变量了, 具体实现可以概括为以下几个步骤:
- Step1: 通过
GetObjectClass()
方法获取该对象的类的引用; - Step2: 通过
GetFieldID()
方法从类引用中(Step1得到该引用)获取FieldID; 调用该方法需要传入成员变量的名称和对应field的描述(descriptor)(或者签名(signature))。描述的内容具体如下:- 对于一个Java类而言, Field 的描述格式为
"L<fully-qualified-name>;"
, 以(/) 代替包名中的(.)。比如String
类型的descrtptor为"Ljava/lang/String;"
。(分号不能漏!!!) - 对于基本类型,
"I" --> int, "B" --> byte, "S" --> short, "J" --> long, "F" --> float, "D" --> double, "C" --> char, "Z" --> boolean.
- 对于数组而言, 对象数组以"["作为前缀, 比如
"[Ljava/lang/Object;"
为一个Object数组的描述,[I
为int的描述。
- 对于一个Java类而言, Field 的描述格式为
- 基于FieldID, 我们可以通过
GetObjectField()
或者Get<primitive-type>Field()
方法访问实例的成员变量。 - 更新实例中成员变量的值, 可以通过
SetObjectField()
或者Set<primitive-type>Field()
来修改内容, 这里需要传入参数FieldID.
Example:
java:
public class TestJNIInstanceVariable {
static {
System.loadLibrary("myjni"); // myjni.dll (Windows) or libmyjni.so (Unixes)
}
// Instance variables
private int number = 88;
private String message = "Hello from Java";
// Declare a native method that modifies the instance variables
private native void modifyInstanceVariable();
// Test Driver
public static void main(String args[]) {
TestJNIInstanceVariable test = new TestJNIInstanceVariable();
test.modifyInstanceVariable();
System.out.println("In Java, int is " + test.number);
System.out.println("In Java, String is " + test.message);
}
}
C:
#include <jni.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "TestJNIInstanceVariable.h"
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_TestJNIInstanceVariable_modifyInstanceVariable
(JNIEnv *env, jobject thisObj) {
// Get a reference to this object's class
jclass thisClass = (*env)->GetObjectClass(env, thisObj);
// int
// Get the Field ID of the instance variables "number"
jfieldID fidNumber = (*env)->GetFieldID(env, thisClass, "number", "I");
if (NULL == fidNumber) return;
// Get the int given the Field ID
jint number = (*env)->GetIntField(env, thisObj, fidNumber);
printf("In C, the int is %d\n", number);
// Change the variable
number = 99;
(*env)->SetIntField(env, thisObj, fidNumber, number);
// Get the Field ID of the instance variables "message"
jfieldID fidMessage = (*env)->GetFieldID(env, thisClass, "message", "Ljava/lang/String;");
if (NULL == fidMessage) return;
// String
// Get the object given the Field ID
jstring message = (*env)->GetObjectField(env, thisObj, fidMessage);
// Create a C-string with the JNI String
const char *cStr = (*env)->GetStringUTFChars(env, message, NULL);
if (NULL == cStr) return;
printf("In C, the string is %s\n", cStr);
(*env)->ReleaseStringUTFChars(env, message, cStr);
// Create a new C-string and assign to the JNI string
message = (*env)->NewStringUTF(env, "Hello from C");
if (NULL == message) return;
// modify the instance variables
(*env)->SetObjectField(env, thisObj, fidMessage, message);
}
4.2 访问类的静态变量
访问静态变量与访问成员变量类似, 只是调用的方法不同, 比如 GetStaticFieldID(), Get|SetStaticObjectField(), Get|SetStatic<Primitive-type>Field()
:
jfieldID GetStaticFieldID(JNIEnv *env, jclass cls, const char *name, const char *sig);
// Returns the field ID for a static variable of a class.
NativeType GetStatic<type>Field(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz, jfieldID fieldID);
void SetStatic<type>Field(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz, jfieldID fieldID, NativeType value);
// Get/Set the value of a static variable of a class.
// <type> includes each of the eight primitive types plus Object.
Example:
Java:
public class TestJNIStaticVariable {
static {
System.loadLibrary("myjni"); // nyjni.dll (Windows) or libmyjni.so (Unixes)
}
// Static variables
private static double number = 55.66;
// Declare a native method that modifies the static variable
private native void modifyStaticVariable();
// Test Driver
public static void main(String args[]) {
TestJNIStaticVariable test = new TestJNIStaticVariable();
test.modifyStaticVariable();
System.out.println("In Java, the double is " + number);
}
}
C:
#include <jni.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "TestJNIStaticVariable.h"
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_TestJNIStaticVariable_modifyStaticVariable
(JNIEnv *env, jobject thisObj) {
// Get a reference to this object's class
jclass cls = (*env)->GetObjectClass(env, thisObj);
// Read the int static variable and modify its value
jfieldID fidNumber = (*env)->GetStaticFieldID(env, cls, "number", "D");
if (NULL == fidNumber) return;
jdouble number = (*env)->GetStaticDoubleField(env, cls, fidNumber);
printf("In C, the double is %f\n", number);
number = 77.88;
(*env)->SetStaticDoubleField(env, cls, fidNumber, number);
}
4.3 Native回调Java成员方法和静态方法
Native 回调 Java实例成员方法
- Step1: 通过
GetObjectClass()
获取类的引用 - Step2: 从引用中获取 MethodID, 通过调用
GetMethodID().
这里需要传入方法名和签名。 签名的格式为"(parameters)return-type".
,即(参数类型...)返回类型
。 你可以使用javap
工具列出一个类中方法的签名,-s
打印签名,-p
现实私有方法:
> javap --help
> javap -s -p TestJNICallBackMethod
.......
private void callback();
Signature: ()V
private void callback(java.lang.String);
Signature: (Ljava/lang/String;)V
private double callbackAverage(int, int);
Signature: (II)D
private static java.lang.String callbackStatic();
Signature: ()Ljava/lang/String;
.......
- Step3: 基于Method ID , 就可以通过调用
Call<Primitive-type>Method() or CallVoidMethod() or CallObjectMethod()
方法回调Java实例中的成员方法。
回调静态的方法步骤与毁掉成员方法类似, 只是方法不同。 JNI 中提供的方法如下:
jmethodID GetMethodID(JNIEnv *env, jclass cls, const char *name, const char *sig);
// Returns the method ID for an instance method of a class or interface.
NativeType Call<type>Method(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jmethodID methodID, ...);
NativeType Call<type>MethodA(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jmethodID methodID, const jvalue *args);
NativeType Call<type>MethodV(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jmethodID methodID, va_list args);
// Invoke an instance method of the object.
// The <type> includes each of the eight primitive and Object.
jmethodID GetStaticMethodID(JNIEnv *env, jclass cls, const char *name, const char *sig);
// Returns the method ID for an instance method of a class or interface.
NativeType CallStatic<type>Method(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz, jmethodID methodID, ...);
NativeType CallStatic<type>MethodA(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz, jmethodID methodID, const jvalue *args);
NativeType CallStatic<type>MethodV(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz, jmethodID methodID, va_list args);
// Invoke an instance method of the object.
// The <type> includes each of the eight primitive and Object.
Example:
Java:
public class TestJNICallBackMethod {
static {
System.loadLibrary("myjni"); // myjni.dll (Windows) or libmyjni.so (Unixes)
}
// Declare a native method that calls back the Java methods below
private native void nativeMethod();
// To be called back by the native code
private void callback() {
System.out.println("In Java");
}
private void callback(String message) {
System.out.println("In Java with " + message);
}
private double callbackAverage(int n1, int n2) {
return ((double)n1 + n2) / 2.0;
}
// Static method to be called back
private static String callbackStatic() {
return "From static Java method";
}
// Test Driver
public static void main(String args[]) {
new TestJNICallBackMethod().nativeMethod();
}
}
C:
#include <jni.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "TestJNICallBackMethod.h"
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_TestJNICallBackMethod_nativeMethod
(JNIEnv *env, jobject thisObj) {
// Get a class reference for this object
jclass thisClass = (*env)->GetObjectClass(env, thisObj);
// Get the Method ID for method "callback", which takes no arg and return void
jmethodID midCallBack = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, thisClass, "callback", "()V");
if (NULL == midCallBack) return;
printf("In C, call back Java's callback()\n");
// Call back the method (which returns void), baed on the Method ID
(*env)->CallVoidMethod(env, thisObj, midCallBack);
jmethodID midCallBackStr = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, thisClass,
"callback", "(Ljava/lang/String;)V");
if (NULL == midCallBackStr) return;
printf("In C, call back Java's called(String)\n");
jstring message = (*env)->NewStringUTF(env, "Hello from C");
(*env)->CallVoidMethod(env, thisObj, midCallBackStr, message);
jmethodID midCallBackAverage = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, thisClass,
"callbackAverage", "(II)D");
if (NULL == midCallBackAverage) return;
jdouble average = (*env)->CallDoubleMethod(env, thisObj, midCallBackAverage, 2, 3);
printf("In C, the average is %f\n", average);
jmethodID midCallBackStatic = (*env)->GetStaticMethodID(env, thisClass,
"callbackStatic", "()Ljava/lang/String;");
if (NULL == midCallBackStatic) return;
jstring resultJNIStr = (*env)->CallStaticObjectMethod(env, thisClass, midCallBackStatic);
const char *resultCStr = (*env)->GetStringUTFChars(env, resultJNIStr, NULL);
if (NULL == resultCStr) return;
printf("In C, the returned string is %s\n", resultCStr);
(*env)->ReleaseStringUTFChars(env, resultJNIStr, resultCStr);
}
4.4 回调重写父类的成员方法
JNI 提供的方法如下:
NativeType CallNonvirtual<type>Method(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jclass cls, jmethodID methodID, ...);
NativeType CallNonvirtual<type>MethodA(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jclass cls, jmethodID methodID, const jvalue *args);
NativeType CallNonvirtual<type>MethodV(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jclass cls, jmethodID methodID, va_list args);
具体回调实现与普通成员方法一样, 只是调用JNI提供的不同方法。
5 创建对象和对象数组
通过NewObject
方法和newObjectArray()
方法, 我们可以在Native中创建jobject
和 jobjectArray
, 并将其返回给Java程序。
5.1 在Native程序中回调Java程序的构造函数来创建一个Java对象
回调构造方法和回调成员方法类似。首先获取构造函数的Method ID. 方法名为"<init>"
, 返回类型为"V"
. 然后就可以通过调用NewObject()
方法调用构造函数来构建一个java对象。
JNI 提供的创建对象(jobject)的方法如下:
jclass FindClass(JNIEnv *env, const char *name);
jobject NewObject(JNIEnv *env, jclass cls, jmethodID methodID, ...);
jobject NewObjectA(JNIEnv *env, jclass cls, jmethodID methodID, const jvalue *args);
jobject NewObjectV(JNIEnv *env, jclass cls, jmethodID methodID, va_list args);
// Constructs a new Java object. The method ID indicates which constructor method to invoke
jobject AllocObject(JNIEnv *env, jclass cls);
// Allocates a new Java object without invoking any of the constructors for the object.
Example:
Java:
public class TestJNIConstructor {
static {
System.loadLibrary("myjni"); // myjni.dll (Windows) or libmyjni.so (Unixes)
}
// Native method that calls back the constructor and return the constructed object.
// Return an Integer object with the given int.
private native Integer getIntegerObject(int number);
public static void main(String args[]) {
TestJNIConstructor obj = new TestJNIConstructor();
System.out.println("In Java, the number is :" + obj.getIntegerObject(9999));
}
}
C:
#include <jni.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "TestJNIConstructor.h"
JNIEXPORT jobject JNICALL Java_TestJNIConstructor_getIntegerObject
(JNIEnv *env, jobject thisObj, jint number) {
// Get a class reference for java.lang.Integer
jclass cls = (*env)->FindClass(env, "java/lang/Integer");
// Get the Method ID of the constructor which takes an int
jmethodID midInit = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, cls, "<init>", "(I)V");
if (NULL == midInit) return NULL;
// Call back constructor to allocate a new instance, with an int argument
jobject newObj = (*env)->NewObject(env, cls, midInit, number);
// Try runnning the toString() on this newly create object
jmethodID midToString = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, cls, "toString", "()Ljava/lang/String;");
if (NULL == midToString) return NULL;
jstring resultStr = (*env)->CallObjectMethod(env, newObj, midToString);
const char *resultCStr = (*env)->GetStringUTFChars(env, resultStr, NULL);
printf("In C: the number is %s\n", resultCStr);
return newObj;
}
5.2 对象数组
与基本类型的数组不同, 对象数组不能批量处理, 需要通过Get|SetObjectArrayElement()
方法一一处理。
JNI 提供创建和操作对象数组的方法如下:
jobjectArray NewObjectArray(JNIEnv *env, jsize length, jclass elementClass, jobject initialElement);
// Constructs a new array holding objects in class elementClass.
// All elements are initially set to initialElement.
jobject GetObjectArrayElement(JNIEnv *env, jobjectArray array, jsize index);
// Returns an element of an Object array.
void SetObjectArrayElement(JNIEnv *env, jobjectArray array, jsize index, jobject value);
// Sets an element of an Object array.
Example
Java:
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class TestJNIObjectArray {
static {
System.loadLibrary("myjni"); // myjni.dll (Windows) or libmyjni.so (Unixes)
}
// Native method that receives an Integer[] and
// returns a Double[2] with [0] as sum and [1] as average
private native Double[] sumAndAverage(Integer[] numbers);
public static void main(String args[]) {
Integer[] numbers = {11, 22, 32}; // auto-box
Double[] results = new TestJNIObjectArray().sumAndAverage(numbers);
System.out.println("In Java, the sum is " + results[0]); // auto-unbox
System.out.println("In Java, the average is " + results[1]);
}
}
C:
#include <jni.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "TestJNIObjectArray.h"
JNIEXPORT jobjectArray JNICALL Java_TestJNIObjectArray_sumAndAverage
(JNIEnv *env, jobject thisObj, jobjectArray inJNIArray) {
// Get a class reference for java.lang.Integer
jclass classInteger = (*env)->FindClass(env, "java/lang/Integer");
// Use Integer.intValue() to retrieve the int
jmethodID midIntValue = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, classInteger, "intValue", "()I");
if (NULL == midIntValue) return NULL;
// Get the value of each Integer object in the array
jsize length = (*env)->GetArrayLength(env, inJNIArray);
jint sum = 0;
int i;
for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
jobject objInteger = (*env)->GetObjectArrayElement(env, inJNIArray, i);
if (NULL == objInteger) return NULL;
jint value = (*env)->CallIntMethod(env, objInteger, midIntValue);
sum += value;
}
double average = (double)sum / length;
printf("In C, the sum is %d\n", sum);
printf("In C, the average is %f\n", average);
// Get a class reference for java.lang.Double
jclass classDouble = (*env)->FindClass(env, "java/lang/Double");
// Allocate a jobjectArray of 2 java.lang.Double
jobjectArray outJNIArray = (*env)->NewObjectArray(env, 2, classDouble, NULL);
// Construct 2 Double objects by calling the constructor
jmethodID midDoubleInit = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, classDouble, "<init>", "(D)V");
if (NULL == midDoubleInit) return NULL;
jobject objSum = (*env)->NewObject(env, classDouble, midDoubleInit, (double)sum);
jobject objAve = (*env)->NewObject(env, classDouble, midDoubleInit, average);
// Set to the jobjectArray
(*env)->SetObjectArrayElement(env, outJNIArray, 0, objSum);
(*env)->SetObjectArrayElement(env, outJNIArray, 1, objAve);
return outJNIArray;
}
本地引用和全局引用
JNI 将对象引用(针对jobject)根据Native中的使用情况分为两类: 本地引用(local)和全局引用(global):
- 本地引用在Native方法中创建, 方法结束时释放, 仅在方法内有效。当然也可以直接调用
DeleteLocalRef()
方法使本地引用失效, 这样就可以马上GC了。 所有Java 程序传递到Native方法的引用都是本地引用。 所有JNI 方法返回的jobject也是本地引用。
- 本地引用在Native方法中创建, 方法结束时释放, 仅在方法内有效。当然也可以直接调用
- 一个全局引用在程序员将它释放之前会一直存在。JNI 提供的释放方法为
DeleteGlobalRef()
。同时, JNI 也提供了通过本地引用创建全局引用的方法NewGlobalRef()
。
- 一个全局引用在程序员将它释放之前会一直存在。JNI 提供的释放方法为
Example
Java:
public class TestJNIReference {
static {
System.loadLibrary("myjni"); // myjni.dll (Windows) or libmyjni.so (Unixes)
}
// A native method that returns a java.lang.Integer with the given int.
private native Integer getIntegerObject(int number);
// Another native method that also returns a java.lang.Integer with the given int.
private native Integer anotherGetIntegerObject(int number);
public static void main(String args[]) {
TestJNIReference test = new TestJNIReference();
System.out.println(test.getIntegerObject(1));
System.out.println(test.getIntegerObject(2));
System.out.println(test.anotherGetIntegerObject(11));
System.out.println(test.anotherGetIntegerObject(12));
System.out.println(test.getIntegerObject(3));
System.out.println(test.anotherGetIntegerObject(13));
}
}
C:
#include <jni.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "TestJNIReference.h"
// Global Reference to the Java class "java.lang.Integer"
static jclass classInteger;
static jmethodID midIntegerInit;
jobject getInteger(JNIEnv *env, jobject thisObj, jint number) {
// Get a class reference for java.lang.Integer if missing
if (NULL == classInteger) {
printf("Find java.lang.Integer\n");
classInteger = (*env)->FindClass(env, "java/lang/Integer");
}
if (NULL == classInteger) return NULL;
// Get the Method ID of the Integer's constructor if missing
if (NULL == midIntegerInit) {
printf("Get Method ID for java.lang.Integer's constructor\n");
midIntegerInit = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, classInteger, "<init>", "(I)V");
}
if (NULL == midIntegerInit) return NULL;
// Call back constructor to allocate a new instance, with an int argument
jobject newObj = (*env)->NewObject(env, classInteger, midIntegerInit, number);
printf("In C, constructed java.lang.Integer with number %d\n", number);
return newObj;
}
JNIEXPORT jobject JNICALL Java_TestJNIReference_getIntegerObject
(JNIEnv *env, jobject thisObj, jint number) {
return getInteger(env, thisObj, number);
}
JNIEXPORT jobject JNICALL Java_TestJNIReference_anotherGetIntegerObject
(JNIEnv *env, jobject thisObj, jint number) {
return getInteger(env, thisObj, number);
}
在以上程序中, 我们通过FindClass()
方法获取java.lang.Integer
类的引用, 并将它存储到全局的静态变量中。然而, 在下一次调用是, 这个引用将不可用(而且不为NULL), 因为FindClass()
返回的是一个局部变量, 当方法结束是就会失效。
为了解决这个问题, 我们需要通过FindClass()
返回的引用创建一个全局引用:
// Get a class reference for java.lang.Integer if missing
if (NULL == classInteger) {
printf("Find java.lang.Integer\n");
// FindClass returns a local reference
jclass classIntegerLocal = (*env)->FindClass(env, "java/lang/Integer");
// Create a global reference from the local reference
classInteger = (*env)->NewGlobalRef(env, classIntegerLocal);
// No longer need the local reference, free it!
(*env)->DeleteLocalRef(env, classIntegerLocal);
}
参考资料
- ava Programming Tutorial
Java Native Interface (JNI) https://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/java/JavaNativeInterface.html