Central nervous system(CNS) = brain + spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system(PNS) 坐骨神经 = not cns

Handy-dandy brain model

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Cerebellum can tell where the front is, which hemisphere is

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Brain stem is what the woman is holding, an old area of the brain.

The big hemisphere(newer part) wrap the brain stem

术语：reference term：rostral caudal

Rostral - anterior, superior

Caudal - towards the tail end, back, posterior

The cerebellum will be a caudally located structure

Dorsal, ventral

Dorsal - upper surface 上表面

Ventral - under surface 下表面

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？？

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medial and lateral

medial - mid line

Lateral - away from the mid

These are relative terms

Devide the brain into 5 subdivisions

Start from rostral to caudal

Telencephalon

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Diencephalon

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Diencephalon = thalamus + hypothalamus!image.png

Mesencephalon :

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Metencephalon 后脑 = cerebellum小脑 + pons脑桥

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Myelencephalon:

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Let’s start with telencephalon 中脑

Telencephalon is the most recently evolved area of the brain

The outer surface of the telencephalon is called the cortex, which is believed to be the seed of the mind

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下一个，间脑diencephalon

A dorsal division is called thalamus丘脑

A ventral division is called hypothalamus下丘脑

两者都有许多小部分构成

Thalamus有对门(anteroom, the room before the main room)的意思，所有需要进入皮层cortex的信息都需要经过丘脑

下丘脑

功能：maintain homeostasis in the body: temperature control体温调节

mesencephalon中脑 midbrain

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reflexes，

比如下面这个superior colliculus（/rostral colliculus）就是中脑的一个部分

colliculus means little hill, so it’s rostrally located little hill, is involved in visual reflexes

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不同生物的上丘脑的功能各不相同

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metencephalon 后脑

= cerebellum 小脑（学习动作。。） + pons脑桥，

Pons means bridge, connect the cerebellum to access the brain

皮层下了决定，然后通过脑桥联系小脑，小脑执行必要的动作

Myelencephalon is the last subdivision of the brain.

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Myelencephalon = medulla = medulla oblongata

Is the very old area of the brain.

1. 终脑， 思考 telencephalon

2. 间脑，平衡 diencephalon

3. 中脑，反射 mesencephalon

4. 后脑，运动 metencephalon

5. 末脑，传输 myelencephalon

6. Spinal cord

Forebrain前脑 = telencephalon + diencephalon

Represent the most recently evolved, and most highly developed areas

Hindbrain caudal structure: medulla and etc.

Can be found in any animal that has a brain, unconscious part of the brain.

Brain stem = myelencephalon + metencephalon + mesencephalon

脑干= 末脑，中脑， 后脑

前脑坐在脑干上